To study the frequency of obesity among female students of nishtar medical college, multan

Objectives: 1. To find out obesity frequency among female students of Nishtar Medical College by measuring their Body Mass Index. 2-To create awareness about hazards of obesity among them

Study Design: Observational / Cross sectional study

Place and duration of study: This Study was carried out at Nishtar Medical College, Multan from October 2015 to December, 2015

Materials and Methods: A sample of 250 female students was taken by convenient sampling technique,50 students from each class were included in the study. After taking informed consent, all the desired in formations were collected by developing a structured questionnaire. Excel and SPSS software were used to analyze data

Results: Out of the total 250 students, 80[32%] were obese and 170[68%] were non-obese. Among the obese students, 24[30%] were from final year and 13[16.25%] were from first year MDBS class. There was very high percentage of obese students 59[73.75%] belonging to middle socioeconomic class. Most of the students 42[52.5%] were consuming 2100-2500 calories/day. Among the obese students, only 10[12.5%] were doing exercise daily. 22 [27.5%] students had positive family history of obesity. About 13[16.25%] students were consuming fast food once daily and 46[57.5%] were taking 2-3 times per week

Conclusion: Obesity is a significant problem among female medical students. The main risk factors identified were middle economic status, lack of exercise, overall sedentary life style, with high calories and fast food consumption

Peripheral arterial disease [PAD]; frequency in diabetics

[1] To determine the frequency of PAD in diabetic patients. [2] To compare the frequency of PAD in diabetics taking different treatment modalities. Observational Cross-sectional study. Diabetic Research Centre Nishtar Hospital Multan. Dec. 2010 to Dec.2011. Four hundred and forty three [443] consecutive diabetic patients were included in the study .History, Clinical Examination, Blood Sampling, HBA1C and Doppler's studies for ABI were carried out. Grading of severity of PAD was done on the basis of ABI. A total of 443 diabetic patients were screened for PAD by ABI. Out of 443 diabetic patients 346[78.1%] were males and 97[21.9%] were females. 332[74.9%] patients were in age group 35-45 years, having normal ABI. 111[25.1%] patients were in age group of 45-55 years having abnormal ABI. So on the basis of ABI the frequency of PAD was found 25.1%. Among 111 diabetic patients with abnormal ABI 97[87.4%] have mild to moderate PAD while 14[12.6%] have severe PAD. Patients with severe PAD were in age group 55 and above and they have longer duration of diabetes. Out of 111 diabetic patients with abnormal ABI 87[78.4%] were males and 24[21.6%] were females indicating disease predominance in males. PAD was more common in patients who were on Oral hypoglycemic agents. The study demonstrates a high prevalence of PAD among people with type 2 diabetes mellitus. This needs to be appropriately evaluated by the medical professionals

study of knowledge, attitude and practices regarding breast feeding among feeding mothers

To determine the knowledge, attitude and practices regarding child feeding among feeding mothers and to promote breast-feeding practices among lactating mothers. Observational cross-sectional study [KAP Study]. This study was conducted at OPD and indoors of Obstetrics and pediatrics departments of Nishtar Hospital, Multan during the period from October 2010 to January 2011. A total of 160 feeding mothers were selected by simple random technique. In our study out of 160 mothers16 [10%] had matric education and only 08 [5%] had education higher than F.A while 80 [50%] were totally illiterate. Breast-feeding practices were low in lower class and high in middle and upper classes. A total of 61% children were breast-fed while 39% were non breast-fed. Out of 61% breast fed children, 45% were exclusively breast fed while 16% were partially breast-fed. Among the breast-fed children 60% were male while 40% were female. The mothers who started breast feeding with in few hours after birth were 61[38%] and 72 [45%] started breast-feeding on 1[st] day while 27 [17%] mothers started breast feeding on 2[nd] day after birth. 97%infants were given 'water', 'sugar', 'honey' and 'arq-e-gulag' as ghutti [1[st] feed] rather than giving breast milk due to different reasons. Duration of breast feeding was less than 1 year in 88 [55%] of the mothers, 56 [35%] breast fed their babies for 1-2 years while 16 [10%] breast fed for more than 2 years. Prelacteal feeds were given to majority of babies as first feed by relatives. Male infants are more breasts fed as compared to females. Most of the mothers don't breastfeed their children for the first 2-3 days because of misconception about colostrums. The leading cause of early weaning in most of children is next pregnancy. The trend in the breastfeeding is relatively lower in the lower socioeconomic class as compared to the middle and upper classes

Role of feeding practices in causation of diarrhea in young infants [06 months of age]

To study the role of feeding practices in causation of diarrhea in young infants. This was a comparative cross sectional study conducted at OPD and Indoor Pediatrics Departments of Nishtar Hospital, Multan during the period from April 2008 to August 2008. A total of one hundred and sixty two infants of 06 months of age both male and female were included in the study by simple random technique. Half of the infants were on Breast feeding and half were on bottle feeding. Data were collected from parents/attendant of the young infants by a pre-tested structured questionnaire. The Data was analyzed by applying various Statistical formulas and tests such as frequencies, percentages, Means and Chi square test etc. Out of 86 Breast fed infants diarrhea was present in 30 [35%] infants and it was absent in 56 [65%] infants. Out of total 86 bottle fed infants diarrhea was present in 48 [56%] infants and it was absent in 38 [44%] infants. The level of significance was set at 0.001. It was concluded that bottle fed infants has significantly higher instances of diarrhea than breast fed infants. The proportion of male and female infants was same in both bottle fed and breast fed infants, so gender was eliminated as a confounding factor

Study of association between diabetes mellitus [D.M] and hepatitis-C virus [HCV] infection

To study the frequency of hepatitis-C virus infection in diabetic patients. The observational descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted at Diabetes Research Centre Nishtar Medical College and Hospital, Multan from September 2006 to December 2007. Two thousand three hundred and twenty seven [2327] diabetic patients were included and were screened for anti-HCV antibodies by immuno-chromatography technique. Out of 2327 diabetic patients, HCV was found in 283 [12.2%]. Among 283 anti-HCV positive diabetics 147 [51.9%] were males and 136[48.1%] were females. The mean age of HCV positive patients was 58 +/- 13.41 years and it was observed the prevalence of HCV increases after the age of 40 years. Hepatitis-C virus infection is common in diabetic patients as compared to general population