To evaluate comparative values of HDL cholesterol among male and female patients of type 2 diabetes

Objectives: To assess and compare the HDL Cholesterol among male and female type 2 diabetics and to look for the blood pressure and glycemic stats between both genders

Study design: An observational comparative prospective study

Place and duration: The study was conducted in Medical Unit-2 of Bahawalpur Victoria Hospital over a period of 6 months from June 2012 to December 2012

Methodology: A sample size of hundred diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes was collected. Those who had hyperlipidaemia due to secondary causes like nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism and drugs were excluded. Fasting blood samples were collected for sugar and lipid profile. All collected data was analyzed through software SPSS version 10

Results: Female patients were found to be overweight and hypertensive and they had uncontrolled hyperglycemia as well. The mean values of lipoprotein were deranged in females as compared to males. By applying NCEP ATP III criterion, lipid level were classified into different risk categories. In female patient the mean concentrations of HDL-C was 32+2.4mg/dL [T-Value = -23.57 very highly significant] and was in high risk category while LDL-C was 191+31.81mg/dL [T-Value = -2.01 significant] and was in borderline risk. LDL: HDL ratio was 6.0 and significantly raised. Triglycerides were within normal range. In male patients the mean concentration of LDL was borderline risk 174+41mg/dL [T-Value = 13.2] while HDL-C was 40mg / dL [T-Value = -6.53], both in borderline category. LDL: HDL ratio was also in acceptable range in males. Triglycerides values turned out to be within normal range in both gender

Conclusion: HDL cholesterol was frequently reduced and was in high risk category in female diabetic patients as compared to male counterparts and LDL values were borderline. Hence they are at more risk of complications as they were hypertensive and had more uncontrolled hyperglycemia as well

Latent tuberculosis; jail as a risk factor

To assess the degree to which Latent Tuberculosis exist among long-term inmates in jail. Study Design: Prospective Cohort Analytic Experimental Quantitative Data. Setting and Period: Jails at Bahawalpur between 2009-2010. We monitored the Mountex Test of prisoners within 48 to 72 h and those who were 10 mm or more were considered positive and for HIV positive 5 mm criteria were set to declare positive. Group 1-who were in jail for more than a year and those, Group-2-who were in jail for less than one month. Data was collected on a proforma. Each prisoner had thorough clinical examination with detailed clinical history and Chest X-ray. Inclusion Criteria: 1. All those prisoners who never had tuberculosis in past. 2. All those prisoners who were not on Anti Tuberculous Therapy. 3. All those prisoner whose chest x ray was normal and had no symptoms of tuberculosis. Exclusion Criteria: 1. All those who had tuberculosis in past or were on antituberculous treatment currently. 2. All those who were having chronic cough. Total number of prisoners in group 1 were 298 and number of prisoners in group 2 were 128. Latent tuberculosis was found in total of 31[10.40%] of prisoners in group 1 and none of prisoners in group 2 were having latent tuberculosis. Jail inmates for more than 1 year did show more numbers of latent tuberculosis patients than the new inmates. These results suggest that the close contacts harbor the live tubercle bacilli and in future they may convert into active cases

Lipid profile among patients of type 2 diabetes mellitus

Background: Diabetes mellitus is a syndrome having effects on blood sugar and lipid profile

Objective: To explore and compare the pattern of dyslipidaemia in male and female patients of type 2 diabetes

Design: A observational comparative study. Setting and place of study: This study was conducted in Medical Unit-2 of Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur, over a period of 6 months from 1[st] January, 2011 to 30[th] June, 2011. Procedure: A total of hundred diagnosed cases of type 2 diabetes were randomly selected for study. Those who had hyperlipidaemia due to secondary causes such as nephrotic syndrome, hypothyroidism and drugs etc. were excluded. Blood samples were taken for fasting and random sugar and fasting lipid profile. For statistical analysis student "T" test at 5% level of significance was applied

Results: The female patients were found to be overweight and hypertensive and they had uncontrolled hyperglycemia as well. Their systolic blood pressure was 150 +/- 25.75 mm/Hg and diastolic B.P was 90.6 +/- 17.6mm/Hg. The mean blood glucose concentration was 246.64 +/- 105mg//dL. The mean concentration of lipids was significantly raised among females as compared to males. Collectively in female patients the values of LDL-C, triglycerides and HDL-C was 191 +/- 31.81 mg/dL, 179 +/- 93mg/dL and 32 +/- 2.4mg/dL respectively, all in high risk range. LDL: HDL ratio was 6.0. Although in male patients the mean concentration of LDL was 174 +/- 41m g/dL and it was in high risk category, but HDL-C was borderline [35.2mg/dL], and triglycerides were within normal range. LDL: HDL ratio was also in acceptable range

Conclusion: The female diabetics were hypertensive, overweight and had more uncontrolled hyperglycemia along with dyslipidaemia as compared to male. The pattern of dyslipidaemia found in these female patients was increase in LDL-C and strikingly decreased HDL-C level

Frequency of hypoglycemia in non-diabetic patients undergoing hemodialysis

To determine frequency of hypoglycemia in non-diabetic patients undergoing hemodialysis. Fifty non-diabetic patients were studied during hemodialysis for hypoglycemia for period of six months from January 2009 to June 2006 in the Department of Medicine, Sheikh Zayed Hospital, Rahim Yar Khan. Out of 50 non-diabetic patients, 9 patients developed hypoglycemia dueing hemodialysis in the study mostly were in old age above 55 years and were on maintenance dialysis. hypoglycemia should be considered as a complication during hemodialysis and blood sugar should be checked, if any sudden change in patient is observed during hemolysis

Hepatitis C virus genotypes in Bahawalpur

This study was conducted at Medical Unit-II Bahawal Victoria Hospital / Quaid-e-Azam Medical College Bahawalpur from May 1st, 2005 to December 31st 2005. The objective of this study was to determine hepatitis C virus [HCV] genotypes in Bahawalpur, Pakistan. In consecutive 105 anti-HCV [ELISA-3] positive patients, complete history and physical examination was performed. Liver function tests, complete blood counts and platelet count, blood sugar fasting and 2 hours after breakfast, prothrombin time, serum albumin, serum globulin and abdominal ultrasound were carried out in all the patients. Tru cut biopsy was performed on 17 patients. We studied HCV RNA in all these patients by Nested PCR method. HCV RNA was detected in 98 patients and genotyping assay was done by genotype specific PCR. Among total of 105 anti-HCV positive patients, HCV-RNA was detected in 98 patients. Out of these 98 patients there were 57 [58.2%] males and 41 [42.8%] females. Their age range was 18-75 years. The age 18-29 years 26 [26.5%], 3o-39 years 35 [35.7%] and 40-75 37 [37.8%], while to [10.2%] patients were diabetics and 34 [34.7%] patients were obese. Liver cirrhosis was present in to [10.2%] patients. Forty two [43.9%] patients were symptomatic while 56 [57.1%] were asymptomatic. Out of 98 patients 11 [11.2%] were un type-able and 87 [88.8%] were typeable. 70/98 [71.4%] were genotype 3; 10/98 [10.2%] were genotype 1; 03/98 [3.1%] were genotype 2; 03/98 [3.1%] were mixed genotype 2 and 3; 01/98 0%] were mixed genotype 3a and 3b. Genotype 3 is the most common HCV virus in our area which shows that both virological and biochemical response will be better. Because HCV genotype 3 is more frequent among the drug users which points towards unsafe injection practices in our area