Impact of Education on Antenatal Care among Pregnant Women in a Tertiary Care Hospital of Bareilly District Uttar Pradesh, India.

Background: Every year more than half a million women die and many millions more suffer disabilities from pregnancy and pregnancy related causes in developing countries. India accounts 20 percent of global maternal deaths, in spite of advancement of public health and medical technology. Many of the maternal deaths could be prevented with well-known intervention such as antenatal care and skilled attendant at birth. Objective: To determine the effect of education on antenatal care among pregnant women. Methodology: A descriptive cross sectional study was conducted among pregnant women who came to ante natal clinic of obstetrics department of Rohilkhand medical college, Bareilly during January-March 2014 by using pre-designed, pretested schedule. A total of 300 pregnant women were clinically examined. Written consent was taken. Statistical analysis was done using Microsoft Excel 2007 and SPSS Version 17. Result: In present study 69% women were literate and 88% their husbands were literate. The overall 83.7% antenatal care was found in which 66.3% were regular. 90.8% antenatal care found among literate women while 67.7% among illiterate. Regular antenatal care was more (76.3%) among literate women. Conclusion: Low level of awareness and poor interest about antenatal care was found among illiterate women. They were not conscious about regular antenatal care, tetanus toxoid immunization, iron folic acid supplementation and extra diet during pregnancy.

HIV and Infant Feeding.

Breastfeeding is an unequalled way of providing ideal food for healthy growth and development of infants. Breast milk promotes sensory and cognitive development, and protects the infant against infections and chronic diseases. With the onset of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) epidemic and the recognition that HIV-infected mother can transmit HIV to their infants through breastfeeding, specific recommendations apply to infants born to HIV-infected mothers. Estimated risk of mother-to-child transmission of HIV in the absence of intervention during breastfeeding vanes from 5% to 20%. It is a public health responsibility to prevent HIV infection in infants and young children-especially in countries with high rates of HIV infection among pregnant women, and to support optional breastfeeding to prevent mortality and illness due to diarrhea and respiratory infections. Given the need to reduce the risk of HIV transmission to infants while minimizing the risk of other causes of morbidity and mortality, United Nation Agencies guidance states that when replacement feeding is acceptable, feasible, affordable, sustainable and safe, avoidance of all breastfeeding by HIV-infected mothers is recommended. Otherwise, exclusive breastfeeding is recommended during first month of life.

Prevalence and determinants of anemia in pregnancy at private hospital of Bareilly District.

Back ground: Anemia in pregnancy continues to be the major public health problem in the world & is the commonest medical disorder in pregnancy that has a varied prevalence, etiology and degree of severity in different populations. Objective: To find out the prevalence of anemia amongst pregnant women and socio-demographic factors associated with anemia in pregnancy. Methods: The present cross sectional study was carried out in obstetric and gynae OPD of one of the private hospital of Bareilly district during the month of Jan.2010 to May2010. Chi square test was applied for statistical analysis. Results: prevalence of anemia was 43.38% Anemia was found to be more prevalent in women age more than 30 years (80.39%), illiterate (49.53%), working (83.82%) & those belonging to Muslim community. Multiparous women (45%), women with poor personal hygiene (48%) and non-vegetarian diet were slightly more anemic as compare to their contrary one. Conclusion: Despite the measures taken to control anemia in pregnancy in the last two decades, the severity of nutritional anemia continues to remain a public health issue of great magnitude, suggesting that these measures have been largely ineffective.

Impact of tobacco smoke on tuberculosis: A case control study.

Background:, Smoking increase the risk of tuberculosis 2-4 times , In our country half of tubercular death in men is attributed to smoking, around 17% smokers and 1/3 tubercular patients of the world reside here . Objective: To study the impact of smoking on sputum status and clinico radiological profile of tubercular patients. Method: We did a case control study , comprises in two groups , study and control group , a total of 120 Tubercular (Pulmonary & Extra-pulmonary) patients were studied in which 65 were smoker( study group) , 55 non smoker ( control group),. Detailed clinico-radiological study was done during the period of 9 months. Result: The prevalence of tuberculosis ( Pulmonary & extra pulmonary ) among smokers is 23.63%, out of them prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis 80% ( odd ratio OR 4.8) , cough ( 98.4%), and Dyspnoea( 93.8%) was prominent clinical symptoms in study group, as well as cavitations ( 98.07%), & fibrosis ( 98.07%) radio logically significant presentation in smokers besides this relapse as well as re infection was higher among smoker’s (64.61%).Sputum positivity was high for heavy smokers (86.7%) . Extra-pulmonary tuberculosis low (20%) in study group (0.21). Conclusion: Smoking is a significant risk factor for pulmonary tuberculosis as well as it aggravates the severity and relapse of diseases.

Caesarean myomectomy: Prospective study.

Introduction: Contrary to previous belief many studies published now have shown that myomectomy during cesarean section (CS) is a safe procedure with no significant increased risk of intra and postoperative complications. Methods: This prospective study was carried out in antennal mothers from May09 to Sep 10 in a tertiary care hospital of Uttar Pradesh after taking institutional ethical committee approval. Diagnosis of myoma was confirmed by ultrsonography. Only those mothers were included in the study who gave the informed consent to participate in study. Cesarean myomectomy was planned in all mothers having myoma. Operative time, intraoperative haemorrhage and length of hospital stay of mothers having myoma were compared to matched pregnant women with CS alone (28cases). Data were collected on a questionnaire and analyzed by appropriate test of significance. Results: Out of 966 antenatal mothers registered during the study period myoma was detected in 14(1.18%) cases. Mean age mothers of having myoma were 27.08 years and 61.54% were primigravida and only 23.08 % were third gravida. In 61.54% mother’s parity was zero and only 15.39 % mothers were having parity two. Mean haemoglobin was 10.56 gm%. In all cases presentation of foetus was vertex. In 92.3% mothers location of myoma was at anterior wall and subserous and in 7.7% cases it was fundal . Size of myoma was less than 3.0 Cm in 38.50 cases , 3.1 Cm to 5.0 Cm in 23.1% cases and more than 5.1 Cm in 38.4% cases. There was no significant difference in operative time, intraoperative haemorrhage and length of hospital stay in comparison to matched pregnant women with CS alone. Postnatal period was uneventful and complication like PPH was nil in all in cesarean myomectomy cases. Conclusion: caesarean myomectomy can be safely performed in majority of patients with myomas without any serious or life threatening complication.

Awareness, perception and myths towards swine flu in school children of Bareilly, Uttar Pradesh.

The deadly disease swine flu is, without a speck of doubt, causing a massive havoc among the common people of India and has created fear across the various strata of the society. The objective was to find out the awareness, perception, and myths of school going children of class 9 th to 12 th toward swine flu. The present cross-sectional study was carried out in two randomly selected (using random number table) senior secondary schools of Bareilly among 400 students of class 9 th to 12 th . A total of 200 students were selected from each school. Chi-square test was applied for statistical analysis. Almost all the students (97.75%) have heard about of swine flu and are aware of it as a disease entity. Fever was found to be the main symptom while coughing and sneezing were main way of spread of swine flu known to them. About 97% of the students mention use of mask as most effective way to prevent them from swine flu. Knowledge of availability of medicine was present in less than half of the students. TV was found to be the main source from which they get knowledge (79%), and they are trying to get knowledge (53.2%) of swine flu. Among them, 74% students were taking precaution against swine flu.

Efficacy of imidacloprid and fipronil gels over synthetic pyrethroid and propoxur aerosols in control of German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blatellidae).

Background & objectives: Resistance amongst cockroaches has been reported to most of the spray insecticides apart from the problem of food contamination and inconvenience. Gel baits which can be selectively applied have been found effective in control of cockroaches in laboratory studies but very few field studies are available. This trial was planned to evaluate the efficacy of fipronil (0.01%) and imidacloprid (2.15%) gels over synthetic pyrethroid (0.02% deltamethrin + 0.13% allethrin) and propoxur (2%) aerosols in control of cockroaches in the field. Methods: Survey was done to find out pre-treatment density in catering establishments and houses by visual count and sticky trap methods. A total of 10 catering establishments and 10 houses having high cockroach infestation were selected by sampling (two catering establishments and houses for each insecticidal treatment and two for control). Propoxur and synthetic pyrethroid aerosols were used for spraying the infested sites once only. Single application of fipronil and imidacloprid gels was used as crack and crevice treatment. Visual count method gave better indications of cockroach infestation as compared to sticky trap method, hence, the same was followed for post-treatment evaluation every week up to 12 weeks. Results: Synthetic pyrethroid could not bring about the desired reduction in cockroach infestation in the present study. Single application of fipronil gel was able to reduce cockroach infestation up to 96.8% at the end of 12 weeks whereas imidacloprid application resulted in 90.9% reduction and propoxur resulted in 77.5%. However, propoxur was more effective in reducing the cockroach density by first week in comparison to imidacloprid and fipronil gels but its efficacy started declining after 8th week. Difference was found statistically significant by Kruskal-Wallis H-test. Conclusion: The study reports the efficacy of propoxur aerosol, imidacloprid gel and fipronil gel baits for control of cockroaches.

Field performance of imidacloprid gel bait against German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blatellidae).

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Resistance amongst cockroaches has been reported to most of the spray insecticides. Imidacloprid gel baits, which can be selectively applied at the infested and potential harborages sites have been found effective in control of cockroach infestation in some laboratory studies but very few field studies are available. This study was therefore undertaken to evaluate the efficacy of imidacloprid gel bait in the control of German cockroaches (Blatella germanica) in field. METHODS: A survey was done to find out pre-treatment density in 12 cookhouses by visual count and sticky trap method. A total of four cookhouses having high cockroach infestation were selected by simple random sampling method (two for imidacloprid treatment and two for control). Imidacloprid gel (2.15%) was used as crack and crevices treatment at the infested sites and potential harborages once only during the entire study duration. Post-treatment density was assessed by visual count method every week for nine weeks. RESULTS: Visual count method gave better indications of cockroach infestation as compared to sticky trap method, hence the same was followed for post-treatment evaluation. Reduction of 75.0 - 86.5 per cent was achieved with imidacloprid gel treatment by week 1 post-treatment in comparison to control areas. The reduction in treated areas by 8 wk post-treatment was 96.3-98.8 per cent in comparison to control areas. Residual effect of imidacloprid started declining at 9 wk (91.7 - 96.5% reduction in comparison to control areas). INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: The results of our study report the efficacy of imidacloprid gel bait (2.15%) up to 8 wk against German cockroaches. The gel was safe and environment friendly also.

Coronary risk factors in a rural community.

A cross-sectional health examination survey was carried out among a random sample of 406 people of 30 years and above from a rural community to investigate the prevalence of coronary heart disease risk factors. Prevalence of smoking and tobacco use was 16%, alcohol intake 9.4 %, daily Salt intake (> or = 5 gram) 34.2%, daily saturated fat intake ( > or =10 % of daily energy intake) 47.0 % and physical inactivity 18.5 %. BMI was > or =25 Kg /m(2) in 18 percent and it was > or =30 Kg / m(2) in 3.2 percent population. Truncal obesity (WHR: men> 0.9; women > 0.8) was found 18.5 percent more in case of males (20.7). Abdominal obesity(men > or =102; women > or = 88)was found 15.7 percent more in case of males (20.6).18.5 percent population was found suffering from systolic hypertension> or =140 mm Hg )and 15 percent from diastolic hypertension(> or =90 mm Hg). Awareness of CHD risk factors was present in 30.0 percent population. Differences in prevalence of riskfactor in male and female were found statistically significant in case of smoking, alcohol consumption and abdominal obesity. The present study shows that prevalence of CHD risk factors increases significantly in men and women having BMI equal or more than 25 Kg /m(2) so this cutoff, should be used to determine obesity in Indian population.

Efficacy of synthetic pyrethroid and propoxur aerosol in the control of German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blatellidae) in cookhouses.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: A field trial was carried out in cookhouses in an urban area to evaluate the efficacy of synthetic pyrethroid (0.02% deltamethrin + 0.13% allethrin) and propoxur aerosols (2%) in the control of German cockroaches (Blatella germanica). METHODS: A total of six cookhouses were selected by simple random sampling method (two each for the two insecticide treatments and two for control). RESULTS: It was observed that 89.36-87.8 and 77.95-59.74% reductions were achieved with propoxur and synthetic pyrethroid treatment respectively by first week post-treatment. The reduction in propoxur treated areas by eight weeks post-treatment was 82.98-76.13%, whereas the reduction in the same time period in synthetic pyrethroid treated areas ranged from 14.36% to an increase in density by a phenomenal 157.86% in one of the treated sites. INTERPRETATION AND CONCLUSION: The study reports the efficacy of propoxur aerosol (2%) treatment over synthetic pyrethroid (0.02% deltamethrin + 0.13% allethrin) in the control of cockroach infestation in cookhouses in urban area.

Field performance of cyphenothrin: an integrated insecticide strategy against German cockroaches (Dictyoptera: Blatellidae).

BACKGROUND & OBJECTIVES: Resistance to organophosphorous and carbamate insecticides amongst German cockroaches is widely reported. Cyphenothrin EC, a new synthetic pyrethroid was evaluated in cookhouses in an urban area, with the aim of exploring alternate control option against the German cockroach Blatella germanica. METHODS: Three cookhouses were selected by simple random sampling method, two for treatment and one as control. The impact of treatment on cockroach infestation was monitored weekly by visual assessment sampling technique. RESULTS: Cyphenothrin brought about 95 to 97.5% reduction in cockroach infestation by the end of six weeks post-treatment. INTERPRETATION & CONCLUSION: The study reports the efficacy of cyphenothrin in the control of German cockroaches and recommends an "Integrated insecticide strategy" for the control of cockroaches in urban cookhouses.

Effect of Bacopa monniera and Azadirachta indica on gastric ulceration and healing in experimental NIDDM rats.

Gastric ulcers were induced in normal/NIDDM rats by various physical (2 hr cold restraint stress and 4 hr pylorus ligation) and chemical agents (ethanol, 1 ml/200 g, oral, 1 hr before; aspirin, 200 mg/kg, oral, 4 hr) and duodenal ulcers were induced by cysteamine (40 mg/200 g). Ulcer healing activity was studied in gastric ulcers induced by acetic acid (50%) and HCI (0.6 M). The result indicated that in both, normal and NIDDM rats, B. monniera extract (BME, 20-100 mg/kg) did not show any significant effect on blood glucose level, while A. indica (AIE, 250-1000 mg/kg) significantly decreased it. However, both BME (50 mg/kg) and AIE (500 mg/kg) showed significant anti-ulcer and ulcer-healing activities in normal and NIDDM rats. Further, the present results also indicated that the ulcer protective effects of BME was more pronounced in non-diabetic, while that of AIE was more in NIDDM rats. The anti-ulcer and ulcer-healing activities of BME and AIE may be due to their effects on various mucosal offensive and defensive factors, and correction of blood sugar level by AIE may help to have more ulcer protective effect in NIDDM rats.

Evaluation of Pongamia pinnata root extract on gastric ulcers and mucosal offensive and defensive factors in rats.

Effect of methanolic extract of P. Pinnata roots (PPRM) was studied against various experimental gastric ulcer models and offensive and defensive gastric mucosal factors in rats. An initial dose-response study using 12.5-50 mg/kg P. Pinnata root extract, when given orally in two divided dose for 4 days + 5th full dose on the day of experiment 60 min before the experiment, indicated 25 mg/kg as an optimal regimen and was used for further study. PPRM showed significant protection against aspirin and 4 hr PL, but not against ethanol-induced gastric ulceration. It showed tendency to decrease acetic acid-induced ulcer after 10 days treatment. Ulcer protective effect of PPRM was due to augmentation of mucosal defensive factors like mucin secretion, life span of mucosal cells, mucosal cell glycoproteins, cell proliferation and prevention of lipid per oxidation rather than on the offensive acid-pepsin secretion.

Brainstem auditory evoked response in newborns with hyperbilirubinemia.

OBJECTIVE: To determine the initial Brainstem Auditory Evoked Response (BAER) abnormalities in neonates with hyperbilirubinemia and the possible reversibility of abnormal BAER after therapy. DESIGN: Prospective cohort study. SETTING: Tertiary care hospital. SUBJECTS: 30 term neonates with hyperbilirubinemia (S. bilirubin < 15 mg/dl) as cases and 25 normal term neonates as controls. METHODS: Duration of study was from August 1995 to August 1996. BAER were recorded before therapy at peak hyperbilirubinemia, after therapy, and the age of 2-4 months using electric response audiometer (Nihon Neuropack Four Machine). Denver Development Screening Test (Denver II) was performed at 1 year of age. RESULTS: Seventeen out of thirty (56.7%) neonates with hyperbilirubinemia showed abnormalities on initial BAER. Commonest abnormality seen was raised threshold of wave V in 12 neonates (40%). Other abnormalities observed were absence of all waves at 90 dB (23.3%), prolongation of latencies of various waves (26.7%) and prolongation of various intervals (26.7%). Abnormalities in BAER correlated significantly with bilirubin level. After therapy abnormalities reverted back to normal in 10 cases but persisted in 7 out of 17 (41.17%) cases with initial abnormal BAER. Development screening at 1 yr was abnormal in 3 infants all of whom had persistent abnormalities in BAER. CONCLUSION: Serial BAER is a useful, non invasive tool to detect neurodevelopment delay secondary to neonatal hyperbilirubinemia.

Effect of some Sitavirya drugs on gastric secretion and ulceration.

Four Sitavirya plants viz. Satavari (fresh root juice, 1250 mg/kg), Yastimadhu (water decoction of root, 600 mg/kg), Kutaja and Aswattha (water decoctions of bark; 400 and 500 mg/kg respectively) were studied for their effects on different models of gastroduodenal ulcers in rats, when given orally for 3 days. All of them were found to protect the animals against 2 hr cold restraint stress and pylorus ligation-induced gastric and cysteamine-induced duodenal ulcers. However, they were ineffective against acute aspirin-induced gastric ulcers. The antiulcerogenic effect could be due to their inhibitory effect on offensive acid-pepsin secretion and augmentation of mucosal defensive factors in terms of enhanced mucin secretion and decreased cell shedding.

Quantitative structure-activity relationship studies on some anticancerous, antiviral and cytostatic agents.

QSAR studies using molecular connectivity and van der Waal volume have been performed on a new series of hydroxyguanidine derivatives and a series of isoindolediones. Regression analysis has shown that anticancer and antiviral activity of hydroxyguanidines as well as cytostatic activity of isoindolediones correlate well with both the structural parameters.