Construção de um aplicativo: promoção à saúde do idoso com incapacidade e dor lombar / Building an app: promoting the health of elderly people with disabilities and low back pain

Introdução: A incapacidade funcional e o desempenho físico são definidos pela dificuldade ou necessidade de ajuda para o indivíduo executar tarefas diárias, podendo repercutir na capacidade adaptativa das atividades diárias, tanto nas suas capacidades físicas quanto mentais. O processo de envelhecimento acarreta incapacidade funcional, comprometendo a qualidade de vida. Objetivo geral: Construir um aplicativo em saúde com foco na saúde do idoso com incapacidade na lombar. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo do tipo construção de um aplicativo, desenvolvido durante o período de agosto de 2021 a maio de 2022 em Fortaleza-CE, na página https://fabricadeaplicativos.com.br e será disponibilizado com um instrumento composto pelo índice de Oswestry 2.0 de Incapacidade. Resultados: Telas explicativas para download e acesso ao aplicativo desenvolvido para facilitar o alcance de informações relevantes aos idosos que sofrem limitações no seu dia a dia, provenientes do processo de envelhecimento. Conclusão: Tendo visto que existem poucos estudos e aplicativos sobre esse assunto, se faz necessário a criação de um aplicativo voltado ao tema.(AU)

Introduction: Functional disability and physical performance are defined by the difficulty or need for help for the individual to perform daily tasks. It can have repercussions on the adaptive capacity of daily activities, both in their physical and mental capacities. The aging process causes functional disability, thus compromising quality of life. General objective: To build a health application focused on the health of the elderly with disabilities in the lumbar. Methods: This is a study of the type of construction of an application, developed during the period from August 2021 to May 2022 in Fortaleza-Ceará, on page https://fabricadeaplicativos.com.br and will be made available with an instrument composed of the Oswestry 2.0 Disability Index. Results: Explanatory screens for download and access to the application that was developed to facilitate the reach of relevant information to the elderly who suffer limitations in their day-to-day coming from the aging process. Conclusion: Having seen that there are few studies and applications on this subject, it is necessary to create an application focused on the subject.(AU)

Introducción: La discapacidad funcional y el rendimiento físico se definen por la dificultad o necesidad de ayuda del individuo para realizar las tareas diarias, lo que puede repercutir en la capacidad adaptativa de las actividades diarias, tanto en sus capacidades físicas como mentales. El proceso de envejecimiento conduce a una discapacidad funcional, comprometiendo la calidad de vida. Objetivo general: Construir una aplicación de salud centrada en la salud de personas mayores con discapacidad lumbar. Métodos: Se trata de un estudio del tipo constructivo de una aplicación, desarrollado durante el período de agosto de 2021 a mayo de 2022 en Fortaleza-CE, en la página https://fabricadeaplicativos.com.br y estará disponible con un instrumento compuesto. por el Índice de Discapacidad Oswestry 2.0. Resultados: Pantallas explicativas de descarga y acceso a la aplicación desarrollada para facilitar el acceso a información relevante a personas mayores que sufren limitaciones en su vida diaria, derivadas del proceso de envejecimiento. Conclusión: Dado que existen pocos estudios y aplicaciones sobre este tema, es necesario crear una aplicación enfocada en el tema.(AU)

Epidemiological Pattern of Traumatic Brain Injury in Brazil between 2008 and 2019

Introduction Traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) are a public health problem with high economic impact, as well as an important cause of death and sequela in polytrauma patients, affecting mainly young adults. Objective To analyze the temporal trend of TBI incidence in Brazil between 2008 and 2019, according to age group and gender. Methods An ecological study, based on secondary data from hospital admissions for TBI in all Brazilian states between 2008 and 2019. The numbers were collected using the hospital information systemof the Unified Health System in Brazil.We performed a descriptive analysis using the data obtained. Linear regression models were used to measure the incidence trend of TBI in the period adopted. Results The state of Piauí had the highest increase in the incidence of TBI in the country in the last 10 years (coefficient ß»63.43 e p»0.002). The main concern, though, is the increase in the incidence of TBI amongst children (0­4 years old) in the states of Ceará (ß»31.22 and p<0.001 for boys; ß»42.20 and p<0.001 for girls), Paraná (ß»37.26 and p»0.011 for boys; ß»25.90 and p»0.015 for girls), Pernambuco (ß»20.08 and p»0.016 for girls), Mato Grosso (ß»18.76 and p»0.005 for boys; ß»16.11 and p»0.035 for girls), and Distrito Federal (ß»48.87 and p»0.004 for girls; ß»48.28 and p»0.006 for boys). Conclusion The analysis of the results is able to point out improvements that can be made. Besides that, it is remarkably important to redirect public polices to preventive medicine sincemany of the TBI causes are avoidable through awareness and education of the population.

Clinical Applications of Additive Manufacturing Models in Neurosurgery: a Systematic Review

Introduction Three-dimensional (3D) printing technologies provide a practical and anatomical way to reproduce precise tailored-made models of the patients and of the diseases. Those models can allow surgical planning, besides training and surgical simulation in the treatment of neurosurgical diseases. Objective The aim of the present article is to review the scenario of the development of different types of available 3D printing technologies, the processes involved in the creation of biomodels, and the application of those advances in the neurosurgical field. Methods We searched for papers that addressed the clinical application of 3D printing in neurosurgery on the PubMed, Ebsco, Web of Science, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. All papers related to the use of any additivemanufacturing technique were included in the present study. Results Studies involving 3D printing in neurosurgery are concentrated on threemain areas: (1) creation of anatomical tailored-made models for planning and training; (2) development of devices and materials for the treatment of neurosurgical diseases, and (3) biological implants for tissues engineering. Biomodels are extremely useful in several branches of neurosurgery, and their use in spinal, cerebrovascular, endovascular, neuro-oncological, neuropediatric, and functional surgeries can be highlighted. Conclusions Three-dimensional printing technologies are an exclusive way for direct replication of specific pathologies of the patient. It can identify the anatomical variation and provide a way for rapid construction of training models, allowing the medical resident and the experienced neurosurgeon to practice the surgical steps before the operation.

Masseteric-Facial Anastomosis: A Report of Three Cases

Intoduction The pathways of the facial nerve are variable, and knowledge of that is essential. The worst impact caused by facial paralysis is related to quality of life, especially regarding the self-esteem and social acceptance on the part of the patients, leading to social isolation and disruption on their mental health. Case Report A 33-year-old female patient, with a stage-T3 acoustic neurinoma, presented with a moderate dysfunction (grades II to III) according to the House- Brackmann (HB) Facial Nerve Grading System. A 43-year-old male patient, with a stage- T4B trigeminal schwannoma, underwent a resective surgery and presented grade-VI dysfunction according to the HB scale. And a female patient with a stage-T4A acoustic neurinoma presented grade-IV dysfunction according to the HB scale. Discussion We performed a literature review of papers related to surgeries for masseteric-facial nerve anastomosis and compiled the results in table; then, we compared these data with those obtained from our cases. Conclusion The masseteric nerve is the one that shows the best prognosis among all the cranial nerves that could be used, but it is also necessary to perform well the surgical technique to access the facial branch and consequently achieve a better masseteric-facial nerve anastomosis.

Dorsal Root Entry Zone Lesioning: Systematic Review

Introduction Dorsal root entry zone (DREZ) leasioning (DREZ-otomy) is considered an effective treatment for chronic pain due to spinal cord injuries, brachial and lumbosacral plexus injuries, postherpetic neuralgia, spasticity, and other conditions. The objective of the technique is to cause a selective destruction of the afferent pain fibers located in the dorsal region of the spinal cord. Objective To identify and review the effectiveness and the main aspects related to DREZ-otomy, as well as the etiologies that can be treated with it. Methods The PubMed, MEDLINE and LILACS databases were used as bases for this systematic review, having the impact factor as the selection criteria. The 23 selected publications, totalizing 1,099 patients, were organized in a table for systematic analysis. Results Satisfactory pain control was observed in 70.1% of the cases, with the best results being found in patients with brachial/lumbosacral plexus injury (70.8%) and the worst, in patients with trigeminal pain (40% to 67%). Discussion Most of the published articles observed excellent results in the control of chronic pain, especially in cases of plexus injuries. Complications are rare, and can be minimized with the use of new technologies for intraoperative monitoring and imaging. Conclusion DREZ-otomy can be considered a great alternative for the treatment of chronic pain, especially in patients who do not tolerate the side effects of the medications used in the clinical management or have refractory pain.

Cervical Cordotomy in Terminal Cancer: Pain Relieving in Oncological Treatment

Cordotomy consists in the discontinuation of the lateral spinothalamic tract (LST) in the anterolateral quadrant of the spinal cord, which aims to reduce the transference of nociceptive information in the dorsal horn of the gray matter of the spinal cord to the somatosensory cortex. The main indication is for patients with terminal cancer that have a low life expectancy. It improves the quality of life by relieving pain. The results are promising and the pain relief rate varies between 69 and 100%. Generally speaking, the complications are mostly temporary and not remarkable.

Mentoria no curso de Medicina: desafios da metodologia ativa de aprendizagem durante a pandemia de Covid-19 / Mentoring at medical school: Challenges of active learning methodology during the COVID-19 pandemic

Resumo: Introdução: A atividade de mentoria pode ser vista como um relacionamento especial entre mentor e mentorado que pode contribuir para a transição entre o ensino médio e a universidade. No ano de 2020, com a pandemia de Covid-19, houve a necessidade de migração súbita das atividades presenciais acadêmicas para o ensino utilizando as plataformas digitais, o que desencadeou mudanças na estratégia pedagógica das escolas médicas e, consequentemente, impactou as atividades de mentoria. Relato de experiência: Por meio de análise do discurso dos mentores do primeiro ano do curso de Medicina de uma universidade particular, ao longo do ano de 2020, discutimos os registros que ocorreram em tempo real após cada encontro semanal em sala virtual exclusiva, na qual os mentores podiam compartilhar livremente suas impressões, considerações e depoimentos sobre o desenvolvimento de cada sessão de mentoria. Discussão: A mentoria não trata apenas do desempenho acadêmico, mas também proporciona uma visão mais ampla das questões relacionadas ao estudante e ao seu contexto, favorecendo o desenvolvimento do docente, do discente e da instituição. A mudança para as plataformas digitais não se mostrou um problema, com rápida adaptação dos envolvidos. A percepção de pertencimento e a participação do grupo foram fatores importantes no desenvolvimento da mentoria, e o acolhimento saudável dos estudantes e mentores demonstrou um fortalecimento no senso de auto humanidade. Conclusão: Estudantes e mentores cultivaram um espaço para discussão de suas rotinas no desenvolvimento do ensino e aprendizagem. Diante do cenário epidemiológico atípico, houve a percepção de que os estudantes enfrentaram problemas semelhantes e buscaram, em conjunto, sugestões para soluções. Os mentores concluíram que uma programação comum, formal, para as sessões de mentoria não deveria ser aplicada rotineiramente.

Abstract: Introduction: The mentoring activity can be seen as a special relationship between mentor and mentee, which can contribute to the transition from high school to university. In 2020, amid the Covid-19 pandemic, there was a sudden shift from face-to-face academic activities to meetings using digital platforms, triggering changes in the educational strategy of medical schools, and, consequently, impacting mentoring activities. Experience report: Through discourse analysis of accounts given by mentors of first year medical students at a private university in 2020, we discussed the records made in real time after each weekly meeting in an exclusive virtual room, in which they could freely share their experiences, impressions, considerations and testimonies about the development of each mentoring session. Discussion: Mentoring is not just about academic performance and provides a broader view of issues related to the student and their context, favoring the development of the teacher (mentor), student (mentee) and even the institution. The change to digital platforms was not a problem, as those involved swiftly adapted accordingly. The perception of belonging and participation in the group were important factors in the development of mentoring and the healthy reception of students and mentors demonstrated a strengthening in the sense of self humanity. Conclusion: Mentees and mentors cultivated a space for discussing their routines in the development of teaching and learning. In view of the atypical epidemiological scenario, there was a perception that students faced similar problems and sought suggestions for solutions together. Mentors concluded that a common, formal schedule for mentoring sessions should not be applied routinely.

Neuroparacoccidioidomycosis: Case Report and Literature Review

Introduction Paracoccidioidomycosis (PCM) is a systemic mycosis caused by the fungus Paracoccidioides brasiliensis, and it can compromise the central nervous system (CNS) in 10­27% of all cases. Case Report A 31-year-old man presented to the Emergency Department with headache, left-sided weakness, clonus at the ankle and a positive Babinski sign. Head computed tomography (CT) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans showed a 5.1 3.8 cm lobulated lesion with areas of liquefaction in the right centrum semiovale. Discussion Central nervous system PCM can mimic a brain tumor, and most cases are diagnosed by biopsy of the lesion. The treatment includes antibiotics, but some cases require surgery. Conclusion Due to high morbimortality rates, the diagnosis must be considered, and early treatment started in patients who live in rural regions endemic for PCM when a ring-enhancing mass associated with perilesional edema is observed on MRI scans.

Introdução Paracoccidioidomicose (PCM) é uma micose sistêmica causada pelo fungo Paracoccidioides brasiliensis e que pode comprometer o sistema nervoso central (SNC) em 10­27% dos casos. Relato de caso Um homem de 31 anos é admitido no pronto socorro com cefaleia, hemiparesia esquerda com clonus e presença de sinal de Babinski. As imagens da tomografia computadorizada (TC) de crânio e da ressonância nuclear magnética (RNM) demonstraram uma lesão de 5,1 3,8 cm no centro semioval direito de aspecto lobulado com áreas de liquefação no centro semioval direito. Discussão Paracoccidioidomicose do SNC pode simular um tumor cerebral, sendo a maioria dos casos diagnosticada por biopsia da lesão. O tratamento inclui antibióticos, mas alguns casos necessitam de abordagem cirúrgica. Conclusão Devido à alta morbimortalidade, o diagnóstico deve ser considerado e o tratamento precoce iniciado em pacientes que vivem em áreas rurais endêmicas para PCM e que apresentam lesão com captação anelar de contraste associada a edema perilesional nas imagens de RNM.

Identification of the sentinel lymph node using hemosiderin in locally advanced breast cancer / Identificação do linfonodo sentinela utilizando hemossiderina em casos de câncer de mama localmente avançado

ABSTRACT Objective: to verify the agreement rate in the identification of sentinel lymph node using an autologous marker rich in hemosiderin and 99 Technetium (Tc99) in patients with locally advanced breast cancer. Methods: clinical trial phase 1, prospective, non-randomized, of 18 patients with breast cancer and clinically negative axilla stages T2=4cm, T3 and T4. Patients were submitted to sub-areolar injection of hemosiderin 48 hours prior to sentinel biopsy surgery, and the identification rate was compared at intraoperative period to the gold standard marker Tc99. Agreement between methods was determined by Kappa index. Results: identification rate of sentinel lymph node was 88.9%, with a medium of two sentinel lymph nodes per patients. The study identified sentinel lymph nodes stained by hemosiderin in 83.3% patients (n=15), and, compared to Tc99 identification, the agreement rate was 94.4%. Conclusion: autologous marker rich in hemosiderin was effective to identify sentinel lymph nodes in locally advanced breast cancer patients.

RESUMO Objetivo: verificar a taxa de concordância na identificação do linfonodo sentinela utilizando um marcador autólogo rico em hemossiderina e o Tecnécio 99 (Tc99) em casos de câncer de mama localmente avançados. Métodos: ensaio clínico fase 1, do tipo prospectivo, não randomizado, em 18 pacientes portadoras de câncer de mama com axila clinicamente negativa em estádio T2=4cm, T3 e T4. As pacientes foram submetidas à injeção subareolar de um marcador autólogo rico em hemossiderina 48 horas antes do procedimento cirúrgico para biópsia do linfonodo sentinela, e sua taxa de identificação foi comparada, no intraoperatório, com o marcador radioativo Tc99 (padrão-ouro). A concordância entre os métodos foi estabelecida pelo índice de Kappa. Resultados: a taxa de identificação do linfonodo sentinela foi de 88,9%, com uma média de dois linfonodos sentinelas por paciente. O estudo identificou os linfonodos sentinelas corados com hemossiderina em 83,3% dos casos (n=15), quando comparados com a taxa de identificação do Tc99, tendo sido observada concordância em 94,4% dos casos estudados. Conclusão: o marcador autólogo rico em hemossiderina se mostrou eficaz na identificação do linfonodo sentinela em casos de câncer de mama localmente avançado.

Neurosarcoidosis Associated with Psychiatric Symptoms: Case Report

Background Sarcoidosis is a granulomatous disease predominant in women and black men that has inflammatory origin of unknown etiology; neurosarcoidosis is a rare and critical presentation of the disease. Case description A 26-year-old black female presented frontal headache for 1 year, as well as behavioral and mood changes for 15 days. Skull tomography and nuclear magnetic imaging of the skull revealed damaged meninges, a right frontal bone lesion, and an intraparenchymal contrast-enhancing lesion. Screening with computed tomography (CT) scans was performed, and it showed signs of bronchiectasis in the lower third of the right lung, but it was asymptomatic. The biopsy showed signs of reactional lesion with the presence of non-caseating granulomas. After the treatment with corticosteroids, the patient presented progressive improvement. Conclusions Neurosarcoidosis is a rare and critical pathology of sarcoidosis that presents a lytic bone lesion and clinical psychiatric symptoms; neurosarcoidosis is also rare in the literature.

Introdução A sarcoidose é uma doença granulomatosa de origem inflamatória de etiologia desconhecida, predominante em mulheres e negros, sendo a neurosarcoidose uma apresentação da doença rara relacionada a gravidade. Relato de Caso Paciente com 26 anos, negra, apresenta quadro cefaleia frontal ha 1 ano e há 15 dias apresentando sinais de alterações de comportamento e humor. Tomografia de crânio e Ressonância nucelar magnética de crânio que evidenciaram lesão óssea frontal direita, comprometimento meninges e lesão intraparenquimatosa captante de contraste. Realizado screening com tomografias que evidenciaram sinais de bronquiectasia em terço inferior pulmão direito, assintomática. Biopsia indicando sinais de lesão reacional com presenças de granulomas não caseosos, Após a manutenção da corticoterapia, a paciente apresentou melhora progressiva. Conclusões A neurosarcoidose é uma patologia grave e rara da sarcoidose, nesse caso apresenta uma lesão óssea lítica e sintomas psiquiátricos, apresentação rara na literatura.

Tuberculum sellae meningioma: Is there an ideal approach? / Meningioma de tubérculo selar: há uma abordagem cirúrgica ideal?

BACKGROUND: Tuberculum sellae meningiomas is a serious challenge for neurosurgeons. It accounts for up to 10% of all intracranial meningiomas. The difficulty in surgically excising a Tuberculum sellae meningioma comes from its anatomical relationship to the optic nerves and chiasm and to the anterior cerebral and internal carotid arteries and their perforators. The authors discuss the main approaches and the complications based on their experience in comparison to previously reported data. METHODS: We report our personal case series of 38 patients with Tuberculum sellae meningiomas; 36 patients under went craniotomy for tumor resection (12 bifrontal, 12 pterional, 6 supraciliary, 4 unilateral frontals, and 2fronto-orbito-zygomatic); in two patients, the excision was performed through an endoscopic endonasal approach. The Simpson grade of meningioma resection as wellhe non-visual morbidity and the mortality rates were analyzed. RESULTS: Thirty-one patients had Simpson grades 1 and 2 excisions, while seven had Simpson grade 4 excisions. The overall rate of non-visual morbidity was 13.15% (5 of 38 patients) and mortality was 5.3% (2 of 38). CONCLUSION: The primary symptom leading to the diagnosis of a Tuberculum sellae meningioma is visual compromise and the main goal of surgeryo achieve improvement of vision. Favorable outcomes were achieved with appropriate selection of surgical approach. More studies are necessary to define the prognostic factors for patients in this scenario.

INTRODUÇÃO: Os meningiomas de tubérculo selar certamente representam um desafio para os neurocirurgiões no que se refere ao manejo cirúrgico. Estes tumores representam até 10% de todos os meningiomas intracranianos. A dificuldade em ressecar cirurgicamente estes meningiomas provém da sua relação com os nervos ópticos, com o quiasma óptico e com as artérias carótidas internas, cerebrais anteriores e suas perfurantes. Discutimos as principais abordagens e as complicações com base em nossa série de pacientes e numa revisão da literatura. CASUÍSTICA E MÉTODOS: Relatamos nossa série de casos pessoais de 38 pacientes com meningiomas de tubérculo selar. Trinta e seis pacientes foram submetidos a craniotomia para ressecção tumoral (12 bifrontal, 12 pterional, 6 supraciliar, 4 unilateral frontal e 2 fronto-orbito-zigomático) e 2 receberam abordagem endoscópica endonasal. A escala de Simpson, bem comoaxas de morbidade e mortalidade foram analisadas durante o período pós-operatório, em função das diferentes abordagens. RESULTADOS: Trinta e um pacientes foram submetidos a excisões de grau I e II da escala de Simpson; os demais foram submetidos a excisão de grau IV da mesma escala. A taxa global de morbidade sem acometimento visual foi de 13,15% (5 de 38 pacientes), enquanto a mortalidade evidenciada foi de 5,3% (2 dentre 38 pacientes). CONCLUSÃO: O principal sintoma que leva ao diagnóstico de meningioma de tubérculo selar é o comprometimento visual, de modo que o principal objetivo da cirurgia é alcançar a melhora da visão nestes pacientes. Os resultados alcançados foram favoráveis quando associados com a seleção apropriada da abordagem cirúrgica. Mais estudos são necessários para definir os fatores prognósticos para os pacientes com meningioma de tubérculo selar após intervenção cirúrgica.

Middle cerebral artery aneurysms: aneurysm angiographic morphology and its relation to pre-operative and intra-operative rupture / Aneurismas da artéria cerebral média: morfologia angiográfica dos aneurismas e sua relação com ruptura pré-operatória e intra-operatória

ABSTRACT Objective Correlate the middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysm morphology with the pre-operative and intra-operative risk of rupture. Methods Forty patients with 46 middle cerebral artery bifurcation aneurysms were treated microsurgically by the same surgeon. Aneurysms were classified according to shape and the Fisher test was applied to analyze the effect of morphology on the pre-operative and intra-operative rupture. Results Pre-operative and intra-operative ruptures were observed in 8/46 patients (17.4%) and 14/46 patients (30.4%) respectively. Thirty-two cases (69.6%) had no symptoms postoperatively, modified Rankin score (MRS) of 0; 6.5% had MRS of 1 (no significant disability); 13% had MRS of 2 (slight disability); 4.3% had moderately severe disability (MRS of 4); and there were 3 deaths (6.5%) post-operatively. The morphology was not directly related to the rupture rate. Conclusion In general, ruptures are not affected by the morphology or the studied variables. Larger series are needed to validate these outcomes.

RESUMO Objetivo Correlacionar a morfologia do aneurisma da bifurcação da artéria cerebral média com o risco de ruptura pré-operatória e intra-operatória. Métodos 40 pacientes com 46 aneurismas de bifurcação da artéria cerebral média receberam tratamento microcirúrgico pelo mesmo cirurgião. Os aneurismas foram classificados de acordo com a morfologia e o teste de Fisher foi aplicado para analisar o efeito da morfologia sobre a ruptura pré-operatória e intra-operatória. Resultados As rupturas pré e intra-operatória foram observadas em 8/46 pacientes (17,4%) e 14/46 (30,4%) respectivamente. Trinta e dois casos (69,6%) não apresentaram sintomas pós-operatórios, pontuação de Rankin modificada (MRS) de 0, 6,5% tinham MRS de 1 (sem incapacidade significativa), 13% tinham MRS de 2 (leve incapacidade), 4,3% moderadamente grave (MRS de 4) e houve 3 óbitos (6,5%) durante o pós-operatório. A morfologia não estava diretamente relacionada à taxa de ruptura pré-operatória ou intra-operatória. Conclusão Em geral, as rupturas não são afetadas pela morfologia ou pelas variáveis estudadas. São necessárias séries maiores para validar esses resultados.

Targets for treatment of dystonia caused by several etiologies. Meta analysis

Introducción: Para utilizar un meta-análisis de todos los casos reportados de la estimulación cerebral profunda (DBS) para ladistonía para determinar cuáles son los factores significativos resultados influencia relacionada con el destino. La escala demovimiento Burke-Fahn-Marsden (BFM), la medida más informado, fue elegida como la principal medida de resultado paraeste análisis. Material y Métodos: Una búsqueda en MEDLINE identificaron 137 pacientes que se sometieron a DBS para ladistonía en 24 estudios que tenían puntuaciones individuales BFM. Datos de los pacientes individuales, incluyendo la edad deinicio de la distonía, la edad de la cirugía, el género, la distribución de la distonía, la etiología de la distonía, la presencia decaracterísticas asociadas, anormalidad de las imágenes preoperatorias, cirugías estereotáxica anteriores, el núcleo estimulado,el tipo de anestesia que se utiliza, el tiempo de respuesta a la estimulación, y el momento de la evaluación de resultadosse introdujeron en una base de datos de SPSS para el análisis estadístico. Resultados: La media BFM cambio porcentual(mejora en la puntuación postoperatoria de la línea de base) fue 51,8% (rango - 34% a 100%). Significativamente se lograronmejores resultados con la estimulación del globo pálido interno (GPI) que con la estimulación de la parte posterior del núcleolateral ventral (VLP) del tálamo (p = 0,0001)...

Introduction: To use a meta-analysis on all reported cases of deep brain stimulation (DBS) for dystonia to reevaluate the good effect using the GPi as a target, which factors significant influence outcome related to the target. The Burke-Fahn-Marsden (BFM) movement scale, the most reported measure, was chosen as the primary outcome measure for this analysis. Material and Methods: Computerized MEDLINE searches on English literature search identified 137 patients who underwent BBS for dystonia in 24 studies that had individual BFM scores. The study was done with statistical analysis by intention to treat. Statistical analysis was made with a significant p- value of 0.05. For the comparison of pre- and postoperative scores, a test Wilcoxon signed was used. Results: The mean BFM percentage change (improvement in postoperative score from baseline) was 46.3 percent(range - 34 percent to 100 percent)...

Complex regional pain syndrome: new concepts regarding diagnosis and treatment

Antecedentes: Los autores presentan una revisión crítica sobre el cuadro clínico, el diagnóstico, clasificación y tratamientodel síndrome de dolor regional complejo, discutiendo todos los métodos de tratamiento y haciendo hincapié en que la reabilitación debe ser empleada con el fin de obtener un mejor resultado. Aspecto psicológico debe ser discutido en el tratamiento y también se anima equipo multidisciplinario para participar en él.

Background: The authors presented a critical review about the clinical picture, diagnosis, classification and treatment ofcomplex regional pain syndrome, discussing all methods of treatment and emphasizing that the reabiltation must be employed in order to obtain a better result. Psychological aspect must be involved in the treatment and also multidisciplinary team is encouraged to take part on it.

Hemispherectomy in treatment of seizures: current perspectives of the indications, techniques and complications: literature review

Introducción: A hemisferectomía es un procedimiento valioso en el tratamiento de trastornos convulsivos causados por desordenes hemisféricos unilaterales. El hemisferectomía anatómica se ha utilizado para este fin desde 1938, sin embargo, se abandonó este procedimiento después de informes de complicaciones postoperatorias causadas por hemosiderosis superficial, ependimitis e hidrocefalia obstructiva. Así que, se ha mostrado en la literatura modificaciones en las indicaciones y técnicas de hemisferectomía anatómica cuya finalidad es la de reducir la incidencia de esta complicación sin dejar de lograr control de las convulsiones. Sobre la base de la literatura, la hemisferectomía mejora la calidad de vida de los pacientes que tiene la indicación para realizar este procedimiento, ya que permite reducir la frecuencia de las convulsiones, si tónica o átona, tónico-clónicas Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión de la literatura es discutir los detalles técnicos, modalidades, riesgos, complicaciones, resultados y de pronóstico de hemisferectomía basado en la revisión crítica de la literatura. Casuística y Métodos: Se realizó la consulta bibliográfica, utilizando la base de datos MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, que utiliza el lenguaje como criterios de selección, la elección de los artículos recientes preferiblemente en portugués, español o inglés. Conclusión: Según las referencias, hemisferectomía es un procedimiento con buen resultado para las personas con convulsiones derivadas cuando está indicado para casos seleccionados y la tasa de éxito no es proporcional a la extensión de la resección del tejido neuronal. A mayor resección puede o no reducir la frecuencia de las crisis, sin embargo, la incidencia de la morbilidad puede ser mayor.

Background: The hemispherectomy is a valuable procedure in the management of seizure disorders caused by unilateral hemispheric disease. The anatomical hemispherectomy has been used for this purpose since 1938, however, it was abandoned after reports of postoperative complications caused by superficial hemosiderosis, ependymitis and obstructive hydrocephalus. So that, it has been showed modifications in the techniques of hemispherectomy whose the purpose is reduce the incidence of this complications while still achieving seizure control. Based on literature, the hemispherectomy improves the quality of life of patients that has the indication to perform this procedure because it allows reducing the frequency of seizures, whether tonic or atonic, tonic-clonic. Aim: The aim of this literature review is discuss the indications, technical details, modalities, risks, complications, results as well de prognosis of callosotomy based on critical literature review and the authors experience. Casuistry and Methods: It was performed bibliographical consultation, using the databases MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, utilizing language as selection criteria, choosing preferably recent articles in Portuguese, Spanish or English. Conclusion: According to references, the functional hemispherectomy has a good outocome for those with seizures arisin when indicated to selected cases and the success rate is not proportional to the extent of neuronal tissue resection. So that, a greater resection cannot necessarily reduce the seizure frequency, however the morbidity may also be larger.

Callosotomía: técnicas, resultados y complicaciones: revisión de la literatura / Callosotomy: techniques, results and complications: literature review

Background: Patients with intractable seizures who are not candidates for focal resective surgery are indicated for a palliative surgical procedure, the callosotomy. This procedure is based on the hypothesis that the corpus callosum is an important pathway for interhemispheric spread of epileptic activity and, for drug resistant epilepsy. It presents relatively low permanent morbidity and an efficacy in the control of seizures. Based on literature, the corpus callosotomy improves the quality of life of patients that has the indication to perform this procedure because it allows reducing the frequency of seizures, whether tonic or atonic, tonic-clonic, absence or frontal lobe complex partial seizures. Aim: The aim of this literature review is discuss the technical details, modalities, risks, complications, results as well de prognosis of callosotomy based on critical literature review and the authors experience. Casuistry and Methods: It was performed bibliographical consultation, using the databases MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, utilizing language as selection criteria, choosing preferably recent articles in Portuguese, Spanish or English, with publication year higher than 2000. Conclusion: According to author’s experience and references, callosotomy is a safe procedure when indicated to selected cases and the success rate is proportional to the extent of callosal resection. A greater resection can reduce the seizure frequency, however the morbidity may also be larger. There is no important study comparing VNS versus Callosotomy versus VNS plus callososotomy, what would be for future necessary for an important source of data about this topic.

Introducción: Los pacientes con convulsiones intratables que no son candidatos para la cirugía de resección focal están indicados para un procedimiento quirúrgico paliativo, la callosotomía. Este procedimiento se basa en la hipótesis de que el cuerpo calloso es una importante vía para la propagación interhemisférica de la actividad epiléptica y, para la epilepsia resistente a fármacos. Presenta relativamente baja morbilidad permanente y una eficacia en el control de las convulsiones. Sobre la base de la literatura, la callostomía mejora la calidad de vida de los pacientes que tiene la indicación para realizar este procedimiento, ya que permite reducir la frecuencia de las crisis, ya sean tónica o átona, tónico-clónicas, ausencia o lóbulo frontal crisis parciales complejas. Objetivo: El objetivo de esta revisión de la literatura es discutir los detalles técnicos, modalidades, riesgos, complicaciones, resultados y de pronóstico de callosotomía basado en la revisión crítica de la literatura y la experiencia de los autores. Casuística y Métodos: Se realizó la consulta bibliográfica, utilizando la base de datos MEDLINE, LILACS, SciELO, que utiliza el lenguaje como criterios de selección, la elección de los artículos recientes preferiblemente en portugués, español o Inglés, con el año de publicación superior a 2000. Conclusión: De acuerdo con la experiencia y las referencias del autor, callosotomía es un procedimiento seguro cuando indicado para casos seleccionados y la tasa de éxito es proporcional a la extensión de la resección del cuerpo calloso. A mayor resección puede reducir la frecuencia de las crisis, sin embargo, la morbilidad puede ser también mayor. No hay ningún estudio que compara la estimulación del nervio vago frente a frente callosotomía VNS más callososotomy, lo que sería la futura necesaria para una importante fuente de datos sobre este tema.

La Insulectomía podría ser un abordaje ideal para crisis insulares y peri-insulares? / Insulectomy for insular and peri-insular seizures could be an ideal and safe approach?

La insulectomía es una técnica microquirúrgica establecida para el tratamiento de la epilepsia refractaria al tratamiento farmacológico. El origen insular de la epilepsia es inusual, sin embargo, con la investigación a través de electrodos híbridos este tipo de epilepsia ha incrementado su diagnóstico. Los autores hacen hincapié en las funciones insulares, así como los puntos de referencia anatómicos para la cirugía. Se discuten las principales complicaciones y las bases fisiológicas para las indicaciones de cirugía.

Insulectomy is an established microsurgical technique for treatment of insular epilepsy refractory to clinical management. The insular origin of epilepsy is unusual, however with depth investigation through hybrids electrodes such kind of epilepsy is increasing its diagnosis. The authors emphasizes the insular functions as well as the anatomical landmarks for surgery. The main complications are discussed and physiological basis for indications.

Cervical cordotomy for the treatment of oncological pain / Cordotomia cervical para tratamento da dor oncológica: revisâo de literatura

Cordotomy consists in the discontinuation of the spinothalamic tract in the anterolateral quadrant of the spinal cord and aims to reduce the transference of nociceptive information in the dorsal horn of the grey matter of the spinal cord (CPME) for rostral units at the neural axis. Many modalities of cordotomy may be employed: anterior transdiscal between C4-C5; endoscopic infra mastoid tip between C1-C2; percutaneous guided by fluoroscopy infra mastoid tip between C1-C2; percutaneous guided by CT infra mastoid tip between C1-C2; open cordotomy by means of laminectomy. The main indication is for patients in advanced cancer disease with severe neuropathic pain bellow the neck in whom the period of survival due to cancer disease is inferior to 3-4 months. The results for immediate pain relieve ranges from 69% to 100% of the cases, while preoperative Karnofsky scores were 20 and 70, respectively versus post operative Karnofsky scores of 20 and 100 respectively; the difference was determined to be highly significant (p < 0.001).

A cordotomia consiste na discontinuação do trato espinotâmico no quadrante ântero-lateral da medula espinal e visa reduzir a transferência de informação nociceptiva no corno dorsal da substância cinzenta da medula espinal (CPME) para as unidades rostrais no neuroeixo. Muitas modalidades de cordotomia podem ser empregadas: transdiscal anterior entre C4-C5; endoscópica inframastoidea entre C1-C2; Percutânea inframastoidea entre C1-C2 guiada por fluoroscopia; percutânea inframastoidea entre C1-C2 guiada por TC; cordotomia aberta por laminectomia. A principal indicação é para pacientes com câncer avançado com dor neuropática severa abaixo do pescoço nos quais a sobrevida devido ao câncer é inferior a 3-4 meses. Os resultados para alívio imediato da dor varia de 69% a 100% dos casos, enquanto os escores de Karnofsky foram de 20 e 70 no período pré-operatório, para 20 e 100 no período pós-opertaório; a diferença foi estatisticamente significativa (p < 0.001).

Displasia fibrosa óssea extensa em coluna cervical de paciente jovem e assintomático: Relato de caso / Extense cervical fibrous dysplasia of bones in young Assymptomatic Patient. Case Report

Introdução: A Displasia Fibrosa Óssea (DFO) é uma lesão benigna, representando 5 a 7% dos tumores ósseos benignos. Temsua etiologia relacionada a mutações somáticas. Classifica-se em monostótica, quando atinge apenas um osso ou poliostóticano envolvimento de mais de um. O acometimento cervical é raro, sendo mais comum na apresentação poliostótica. Os casoscom comprometimento funcional ou estético excessivo constituem-se como principais indicações para o tratamento cirúrgico.Objetivos: Os autores mostram o tratamento da lesão destrutiva do corpo vertebral cervical, quinto segmento, causada porDFO monostótica, por meio de somatectomia associada a artrodese anterior com substituto de corpo vertebral, placa detitânio anterior, laminectomia e fixação posterior com cabos de titânio sublaminares. Métodos e Resultados: Relato de caso,inicialmente de trauma automobilístico, que após estudo por imagem da coluna cervical confirmou diagnóstico de DFO. Devidoà instabilidade da região cervical indicou-se cirurgia, sobre a qual foram comentadas suas principais etapas...

Introduction: Fibrous Dysplasia of bones (FDB) is a benign lesion, representing 5-7% of all benign bone tumors. Its etiology isassociated to somatic mutations. It is classified as monostotic only when it reaches a bone, polyostotic when there is involvementof two or more bones. The cervical involvement is rare and is more common in polyostotic presentation. Cases with excessivefunctional or aesthetic impairment constitute the main indications for surgical treatment. Objectives: The authors present thetreatment of destructive lesions of the cervical vertebral body, segment of the fifth vertebra, caused by FDB monostotic usingsomatectomia associated to anterior arthrodesis with vertebral body replacement, titanium plate anterior, laminectomy andposterior fixation with sublaminares tittanium system. Methods and Results: Initially detected as an automobile trauma, afterimaging study of the cervical spine confirmed diagnosis of FDB. Due to the instability of the cervical region, surgery wasindicated...

Complicações de angiografia cerebral realizadas em um hospital universitário / Complications of cerebral angiography performed at a university hospital

Objetivos: O risco de complicação de angiografia cerebral tem sido constantemente foco de atenção. O objetivo deste estudofoi avaliar o resultado de angiografia cerebral realizada nos primeiros 30 meses de treinamento operacional em um serviço deneurocirurgia endovascular em um hospital universitário. Métodos: Foi realizado um estudo retrospectivo para avaliação de129 resultados de angiografia cerebral digital realizada em 91 pacientes em um hospital universitário da região sul do Brasil.Resultados: A taxa de complicação foi de 2 /129 (1,55%); destas, um (0,77%) paciente apresentou complicação transitória(hematoma no local da punção), e outro (0,77%) apresentou uma complicação permanente com óbito devido à associação entrecoagulação na artéria média cerebral e complicações do trauma inicial. Conclusão: A taxa de complicação da angiografiacerebral observada neste estudo foi baixa (1,75%) e reafirma seu risco reduzido quando realizada em um serviço de neurocirurgiamesmo com profissionais médicos em treinamento.