Rol de interleuquina-6 en artritis reumatoide: nuevos conceptos: [revisión] / Role of inteleukin-6 in rheumatoid arthritis: new concepts: [review]

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic inflammatory disease of unknown etiology that involves complex and not completely elucidated mechanisms. In the recent years, the development of targeted therapies has given new insights into the nature of immunologic interactions involved in its pathogenesis. Until recently, the RA was thought to be predominantly a Th1 disease. New evidence established the preponderant role of the Th17 axis, of which IL-17 and IL-23 are major components. IL-6 has an important role in the differentiation of the Th17 and T regulatory (Treg) lymphocytes. Herein, we review current evidence regarding the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of RA, especially in the differentiation of Th17 and Treg systems, as well as the deleterious effects of IL-6 and the molecular and clinical consequences of its blockade.

Perfil de producción de citoquinas en linfocitos T de sangre periférica de pacientes con poliposis nasal y asma bronquial en respuesta a la estimulación con enterotoxina estafilocócica B / Cytokine production profile in peripheral blood T lymphocytes from patients with nasal poliposis and bronchial asthma in response to staphylococcal enterotoxin B

Introducción: La poliposis nasal (PN) se presenta frecuentemente asociada a asma bronquial (AB). La enterotoxina estafilocócica B (SEB) jugaría un papel en su patogenia. No se ha estudiado si el perfil de citoquinas inducido por SEB en linfocitos T (LT) de pacientes con PNyAB difiere del de controles sanos. Objetivo: Comparar el perfil de citoquinas de LT de sangre periférica de pacientes con PN-AByde controles, estimulados con SEB o concanavalina A (ConA). Material y método: Células mononucleares de sangre periférica de 9 pacientes con PN-AB y de 6 controles se estimularon con SEB o ConA. El porcentaje LT CD4+ productores de interferón (IFN)-y, interleuquina (IL) IL-4, IL-5, IL-17 e IL-21 se determinó mediante citometrfa de flujo. Resultados: El grupo PN-AB presentó un menor porcentaje de LT productores de IL-5 que los controles al estimularse con SEB y con ConA. No hubo diferencia en las otras citoquinas estudiadas. Discusión: Nuestros resultados en sangre periférica difieren de lo descrito en tejido de pólipos nasales. Conclusión: Se sugiere que la respuesta inflamatoria de la PN se originaría localmente ya que los LT de sangre de pacientes con PN-AB no muestran una polarización hacia perfiles proinflamatorios con los estímulos utilizados.

Introduction: Nasal poliposis (NP) is frequently associated with bronchial asthma (BA) and its pathogenesis is still unknown. Staphylococcal enterotoxin B (SEB) has been implicated in the development of NP, however if the SEB-induced cytoklne profile of peripheral blood T lymphocytes (TL) of PN-BA patients differs from that of normal controls has not been studied. Aim: To compare the cytoklne profile of CD4+ TL from NP-BA and controls stimulated with SEB or concanavalin A (ConA). Material and method: Peripheral blood mononuclear cells from 9 NP-BA patients and from 6 controls were stimulated with SEB or ConA. The percentage of interferon (IFN)-y, interleukin {II) 11-4,11-5,11-17, and 11-21 producing TL was analyzed by flow cytometry Results: The percentage of SEB and ConA stimulated CD4+ IL-5-producing TLs was lower in the NP-BA group compared to the control group. There were no differences in the other cytokine-producing populations. Discussion: Unlike what is described in nasal polyp tissue, our findings show a diminished production of IL-5 by peripheral TL from the NP-AB group. Conclusion: A local sinonasal origin of the chronic inflammation is suggested since peripheral blood TL of NP-BA patients do not show a pro-inflammatory polarization with the tested stimuli.

Alergia al látex: avances en el desarrollo de inmunoterapias hipoalergénicas especificas / Latex allergy: advances in the development of specific hypoallergenic immunotherapies

This review provides a brief update about the strategies that have been developed for the hipoallergenic immunotherapy against latex allergens. Thus, recombinant mutants, chemically modified molecules, anti IgE monoclonal antibodies and T-cell epitope-based peptides have been used. Additionally, recent finds that show the importance of dendritic cells and their potential applicability to latex allergens are included.