RESUMO
Background: Depression was seen to be associated with an increased level of inflammatory biomarkers along with the disturbance in the monoamine neurotransmitter system. Current therapies are mostly focussed on the neurotransmitters imbalance but due to increasing cases of treatment failure there is a need to shift our treatment focus to other potential therapies. This study aimed to evaluate the preventive role of aspirin and metformin in stress induced model of depression in wistar rats.Methods: Fifty four wistar rats were randomly divided into nine groups as normal control, experimental control, aspirin (30 mg/kg, 60 mg/kg), metformin (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg), two combination groups and imipramine (15 mg/kg). Depression model was created by the induction of chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS) for consecutive 28 days. Behavioural assessment was done by evaluating immobility time in forced swim test (FST) and sucrose preference ratio (SPR) in sucrose preference test. The data were analysed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) test using SPSS software. P<0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.Results: The CUMS led to an increase in immobility time and decrease in SPR. Aspirin and Metformin alone and their combinations showed statistically significant response in preventing the immobility time to increase (p<0.001) and SPR to decrease (p<0.001). However the response of Aspirin was comparable with Imipramine but the response of Metformin was not as significant as of Imipramine (p>0.05).Conclusions: Aspirin and metformin might have a potential role in the prevention of depression.
RESUMO
Background: Price of a drug is an important factor for compliance to the treatment. So, to overcome the high prices of drugs, National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority (NPPA) under government of India has issued Drug Price Control Order (DPCO) list containing commonly used drugs. Pharmaceutical companies can be punished if they keep their prices higher than the ceiling price mentioned in the DPCO. To find out the price variations of commonly used antidepressant drugs included in DPCO list of 29th April 2019.Methods: A list of all oral antidepressant drugs included in DPCO of 29th April 2019 and available in Indian market was procured from medguide India. Analysis of number of total brands following as well as not following DPCO ceiling price was done.Results: Author found 17 formulations of four antidepressant drugs included in DPCO. Total 556 brands found out of which 84.6% were following the DPCO and 15.4% of brands prices were higher than the ceiling price of DPCO.Conclusions: Though large number of companies are following the DPCO but still strict regulation is needed to further increase the compliance of guidelines.
RESUMO
Background: DPCO (Drugs Prices Control Order) price list is issued by NPPA (National Pharmaceutical Pricing Authority) each year to guide the pharmaceuticals companies for controlling the prices in India. Some drugs cost more than the DPCO list. As antihypertensive drugs are taken lifelong once diagnosis is made, price variation and costing above prescribed price cause a huge economic burden on such patients. This study was undertaken to know the number of antihypertensive drugs brands with price above the recommended DPCO price list 2017.Methods: Authors have collected the data from website medguideindia.com, CIMS (current index of medical specialties), Drug Today, and compared the listed antihypertensive drugs of various available brands in India with DPCO price list 2017. Data was entered in Microsoft excel 2010. Percentage of selling price above the DPCO price list was calculated for each drug.Results: The data of 30 formulations of 16 antihypertensive drugs was analysed. The total number of available brands of all formulations was 1365 out of which only 831 (60.88%) brands were found to have price <DPCO recommended list. 534 (39.12%) brands had price more than the recommended limit. The minimum violation of price limit was found in case of metoprolol 25mg (6.66%) and maximum price violation was observed with spironolactone 25mg and sodium nitroprusside inj 10mg/ml.Conclusions: Reassessment and monitoring for implementation of DPCO price list should be done as still large number of brands are not following the regulations and are violating the limit set by NPPA/DPCO.