RESUMO
Objective: To determine the frequency of various causes of gross Haematuria presenting in our hospital and recommend a working protocol to young doctors. Study Design: Prospective descriptive study. Place and Duration of Study: Urology Department, District Headquarter and Teaching Hospital, Sargodha Medical College, from Mar 2012 to Mar 2014
Material and Method: All fresh patients reporting to the hospital with complaints of 'blood in urine' were included in the study, while patients presenting with Microscopic haematuria were excluded. The patients, after being managed by the urology registrar, were given a questionnaire to fill, assisted by a resident, a reference number allotted for follow-up. A request for urine routine examination and urine microscopy/cytology was made to confirm haematuria and exclude malignant cells. Followed by ultrasound, X-Ray KUB, cystoscopy and IVU/CTU scan, as required. The results obtained were recorded and analyzed
Results: A total of 391 patients presented with complaints of 'blood in urine'. Trauma: was the most frequent cause seen in 21.7% [n=85], followed by Urinary tract infections [21.0%, n=82], Urolithasis [20.2%, n=79] and Urological tumors seen 19.4% [n=76] cases. About two thirds of the patients [56.6%, n=43] with urological tumors were not investigated, at primary health care level, to ascertain the cause and presented with advanced disease
Conclusion: General practitioners should be encouraged to request ultrasound scan for patients presenting with gross haematuria, as urothelial tumours, if detected early, can be managed effectively with better long term outcome
RESUMO
Terminal transverse deficiency of forearm is a very rare limb malformation. Most of the cases have traumatic etiology and congenital presentation is less common. A series of six individuals with transverse deficiency through the hands is presented in this communication. The cases were congenital, morphologically similar and showed loss of four fingers, most often postaxial. The affected arm was reduced in size compared to the contralateral limb and there was distortion of palmer creases. All cases were sporadic and nonsyndromic in nature. The characteristics of these cases were concordant with the symbrachydactyly type III or monodactylous type, when classified according to the scheme proposed by Blauth and Gekeler [1973]. The malformation resulted in permanent quality-of-life impairment in these subjects and warrant prosthetic management. Detailed physical and phenotypic features of the patients have been presented
RESUMO
To estimate dose proportion for male volunteers by calculating pharmacokinetics following oral administration of Cefaclor [CCL] 250mg Tablet and to check the relative susceptibility of four bacterial strains. Randomized Clinical Trial, case series. Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Agriculture, Faisalabad. From Mar 2006 to Feb 2007. Blood samples were collected for the period of 12 hours in heparinized tubes. Collected samples were centrifuged at 3000xg and plasma thus separated was stored at -10°C until further analysis. The CCL plasma concentration was determined via bioassay using disc diffusion method. Pharmacokinetics parameters were calculated using American Pharmacology Organization [APO] computer software. Renal Clearance [CL], volume of distribution [VD], time of Peak [T[max]], maximum plasma concentration [C[max], mean residence time [MRT], absorption half life, elimination half life and the Area Under plasma Concentration [AUC [t0tot12h] showed that the four bacterial strains have different susceptibility against cefaclor and administration of cefaclor at rate of 250 mg as tablet orally thrice daily maintained considerable concentration [>MIC] that prove it to be very effective for the treatment of specific infections in male volunteers