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Background & objectives: India targets malaria elimination by 2030 in a phased manner, so malaria’s assured diagnosis is crucial. Introduction of rapid diagnostic kits in India in 2010 has revolutionized malaria surveillance. The storage temperature of rapid diagnostic tests (RDTs), kit components and handling in transportations impact the results of RDTs. Therefore, quality assurance (QA) is required before it reaches end-users. The Indian Council of Medical Research-National Institute of Malaria Research (ICMR-NIMR) has a World Health Organization (WHO) recognized lot-testing laboratory facility to assure the quality of RDTs. Methods: The ICMR-NIMR receives RDTs from different manufacturing companies as well as various agencies such as National and State Programmes and Central Medical Services Society. The WHO standard protocol is followed to conduct all the tests, including long-term and post-dispatch testing. Results: A total of 323 lots tested during January 2014-March 2021 were received from different agencies. Amongst them, 299 lots passed the quality of test and 24 failed. In long-term testing, 179 lots were tested and only nine failed. A total of 7741 RDTs were received from end-users for post-dispatch testing of which 7540 qualified the QA test with a score of 97.4 per cent. Interpretation & conclusions: RDTs received for quality testing showed compliance with QA evaluation of malaria RDTs based on the protocol recommended by the WHO. However, continuous monitoring of the quality of RDTs is required under QA programme. Quality-assured RDTs have a major role, especially in areas where low parasitaemia of parasites persists.
RESUMO
India’s target of malaria elimination by 2030 may not be achieved solely by detecting Plasmodium falciparum and P. vivax, the two common Plasmodium species causing infections in humans. Sporadic reports have been documented on other Plasmodium species in the country, associated mostly with travel history. A febrile patient of Indian origin (Non-resident Indian (NRI)) was diagnosed with an infection of Plasmodium ovale curtisi malaria on his arrival from Sudan. A case report from Kerala was published in December 2020 and this is second report. Due to the inaccessibility of molecular techniques for routine diagnosis, this neglected non-falciparum malaria goes undetected. For an accurate diagnosis, suspected malaria cases should be tested using PCR and other advanced methods.
RESUMO
Background: To determine the frequency of De Quervain’s tenosynovitis and its association with Short Message Service (SMS texting). Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted to determine the prevalence of De Quervain’s tenosynovitis in the general population of Karachi, ranging in age from 15-35 years with a sample size of 700 individuals. Participants from different educational backgrounds were included. De Quervain’s tenosynovitis was diagnosed through Finkelstein test. Data entry and analysis were done through SPSS version 20.0. Chi-squared test with 95% confidence interval was applied to compare categorical variables, P value < 0.05 was considered significant. Results: Male to female ratio was 1:2. A total of 79.3% were undergraduates or below in academic qualification. The education level and the median age were consistent with our target population. An overwhelming majority of 96.7% (678) use touch screen smart phones. Hardly anyone uses standard cell phones (0.7%) or QWERTY keyboard cell phones (1.4%). 1.1% of responders had cell phones of some other type. “Internet Usage” was the most frequent answer on the purpose of using cell phones with 91.6% (642). The next frequent answer was “Texting” with 85.6% of responders. 126 people had other uses for their cellphones apart from internet, texting, calling, reading, or playing games. 58.8% (412) of the 700 responders tested “positive” for the Finkelstein test, demonstrating pain in the wrist and thumb while performing the maneuver. Conclusion: The result of our study concluded that a significant majority of our youth uses touch screen smartphones, weighing an average of 100g, mainly for internet usage and texting. Because of the overuse of thumb musculature, more than half of them experienced pain over the radial side of the wrist and got a positive Finkelstein test which shows there is a positive relationship between De Quervain's and frequent and prolonged smartphone usage. Having a positive result for the Finkelstein test could lead to severe De Quervain's tenosynovitis.
RESUMO
The objectives of this study were to determine the epidemiology of brain tumors during infancy and childhood and to define and segregate childhood brain tumors vis-a-vis their morphological characteristics. The present study includes pediatric brain tumors, ICD-10 category C71 encountered during 10 years (January 1989 through December 1998) at a tertiary care hospital in Karachi. Eighty one cases were included, 58 (71.6%) in males and 23 (28.4%) in females with a male to female ratio of 2.5:1. The cases were divided into 3 age groups each covering five years of life (0-4, 5-9, 10-14 years), with the greatest number in the second age group i.e. 5-9 years followed by the third age group and the 0-4 year age group. The mean age for all cases, both genders was 8.8 years (95% CI 7.9; 9.6) with a marginal variation for cases occurring in the cerebrum and cerebellum. The malignancies occurred at a younger age in the males for each subcategory by site and morphology. The morphological distribution of cases was astrocytoma (28 cases, 34.6%), primitive neuroectodermal tumor or PNET (40 cases; 49.4%), ependymoma (8 cases, 10%), mixed glioma (4 cases; 5%) and a case of oligodendroglioma. The 81 malignancies included in this study were further categorized by site into two groups, supratentorial (27 cases; 33.3%) and infratentorial (54 cases; 66.7%). The morphological categorization of supratentorial tumors was astrocytoma (17 cases; 63%), ependymoma (5 cases; 18.5%), mixed glioma (2 cases; 7.4%). PNET with rhabdoid differentiation, oligodendroglioma and pinealoblastoma comprised 1 case (3.7%) each. The 17 supratentorial astrocytoma were sub-categorized as follows - pilocytic astrocytoma (5 cases; 29.4%), grade II astrocytoma (6 cases; 35.3%); grade III astrocytoma (2 cases; 11.8%), anaplastic astrocytoma (1 case; 5.9%) and glioblastoma multiforme (3 cases; 17.7%). The morphological categorization of infratentorial tumors was astrocytoma (11 cases; 20.4%), medulloblastoma (38 cases; 70.4%), ependymoma (3 cases; 5.6%) and mixed glioma - astroependymoma (2 cases, 3.7%). The morphological sub-categorization of infratentorial astrocytoma was pilocytic astrocytoma (7 cases, 63.6%), with gemistocytic astrocytoma, grade II, grade III and anaplastic astrocytoma comprising 1 (9.1%) case each. The morphological categorization of medulloblastoma was classical medulloblastoma (15 cases; 39.5%), desmoplastic medulloblastoma (8 cases; 21.1%), medulloblastoma with astrocytic differentiation (12 cases; 31.5%), medulloblastoma with neural differentiation (2 cases; 5.3%), and neuroblastic medulloblastoma (1 case; 2.6%). The pediatric brain tumors in Karachi reflect a developing country scenario, with a strong male predisposition and a late presentation with a peak in the 5-9 year age group. There is a predominance of medulloblastoma and a paucity of astrocytomas. The current study is a single institution study and needs cautious interpretation. Population-based studies are required to determine the cancer burden due to pediatric malignancies of the brain in this population and for the morphological categorization of brain tumors in Karachi.