Finding Wolbachia in Filarial larvae and Culicidae Mosquitoes in Upper Egypt Governorate

Wolbachia is an obligatory intracellular endosymbiotic bacterium, present in over 20% of all insects altering insect reproductive capabilities and in a wide range of filarial worms which is essential for worm survival and reproduction. In Egypt, no available data were found about Wolbachia searching for it in either mosquitoes or filarial worms. Thus, we aimed to identify the possible concurrent presence of Wolbachia within different mosquitoes and filarial parasites, in Assiut Governorate, Egypt using multiplex PCR. Initially, 6 pools were detected positive for Wolbachia by single PCR. The simultaneous detection of Wolbachia and filarial parasites (Wuchereria bancrofti, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dirofilaria repens) by multiplex PCR was spotted in 5 out of 6 pools, with an overall estimated rate of infection (ERI) of 0.24%. Unexpectedly, the highest ERI (0.53%) was for Anopheles pharoensis with related Wolbachia and W. bancrofti, followed by Aedes (0.42%) and Culex (0.26%). We also observed that Wolbachia altered Culex spp. as a primary vector for W. bancrofti to be replaced by Anopheles sp. Wolbachia within filaria-infected mosquitoes in our locality gives a hope to use bacteria as a new control trend simultaneously targeting the vector and filarial parasites.

Parasitological studies on some intestinal parasites in primary school children in Aswan Governorate, Egypt

This cross sectional study in Aswan Governorate determined the prevalence of intestinal parasites and to identify the risk factors for infection in primary school children in this geographical area. The results would facilitate evaluation of the endemic level of different intestinal parasites and the determination of whether widespread or focal measures of parasite control are required. After obtaining official permission from the school administration, information and consent forms were given to the parents of all the schoolchildren. They were three-hundreds children aged between 6-12 year were enrolled; a detailed questionnaire, complete clinical assessment complete as well as stool analysis was done The study showed that the over-all infection was 31%, single parasitic infection was 26% and mixed one was 5%.The commonest helminthic infection was E. vermicularis 6.6% followed by H. nana 3% Ascaris lumbricoides 1%, The commonest protozoa infection was E. histolytica 8.3% followed by Giardia lamblia 3.7% and Cryptosporidium parvum 1.7%. Mixed infection was E. vermicularis plus E. histolytica [23.4%], E vermicularis plus G. lamblia [17.6%], E. vermicularis plus C. parvum [11.8%], E. histolytica plus H. nana [11.85%], A. lumbricoides plus E. histolytica [17.6%] and G. lamblia plus E. histolytica. in [11.8%]. Parasitic infection was more prevalent in boys [53.8%] than girls [46.2%] and more prevalent in rural children [39.73%] than urban ones [20.13%] among age ranged from to 12 years [8.97+/-1.72]

Detection of filarial parasites and Wolbachia endosymbiotic bacteria in mosquitoes by PCR

Wuchereria Bancroft; the principal etiologic agent of lymphatic filariasis is mosquito dependant in the biological transmission. Dirofilariasis is essentially a disease of canines which can also be trans-mitted to humans by culicine mosquitoes. Wolbachia are Rickettsia-like, obligatory intracellular bacteria that infect the reproductive and somatic tissues of some arthropods and nematodes. Our study aimed to identify the possible association between filarial parasites and Wolbachia by single and multiplex PCR. 1600 female mosquitoes collected from: four localities in Assiut Governorate, Egypt were microscopically identified and divided into 64 mosquito pools according to their genera and collection site. Single PCR was firstly conducted on mosquitoes followed by multiplex PCR for simultaneous detection of the three filarial parasites [Wucheraria bancrofti, Dirofilaria immitis, and Dirofilaria repens] and Wolbachia in mosquitoes. The results indicated that: Out of 64 mosquito pools, 8 pools were positive for Wuchererio bancrofti with estimated rate of infection [ERI 0.53%], 3 for each of Dirofilaria immitis and Dirofilaria repens [ERI 0.19%] and 6 pools were positive for Wolbachia [ERI 0.39%], five of them with filarial parasites [W. Bancrofti, D. immitis and D repens] [83.3%], with a significant P. value [< 0.05]. We concluded that there was a strong association between the presence of Wolbachia and filarial parasites that should be considered during the treatment of patients with filarial diseases by the use of specific anti-Wolbachia antibiotic in addition to the usual anti-filarial drugs

Gigantobilharzia crude antigen as vaccine against schistosoma mansoni infection

Crude antigen prepared from adult Gigantobilharzia worms was used - for the first time - to immunize Balb/c mice against challenge infection with Schistosoma mansoni. Results of immunization were estimated by appearance of eggs in stool, antibodies in serum by Indirect Haemagglutination Test, counting the number of eggs and adults in liver and intestinal veins and tissues, estimation of the number and size of granulomas in the liver as well as description of adults deformities by ordinary and scanning electron microscopes. Obvious reduction in all these parameters was recorded in immunized mice. Further studies were recommended through the use of purified bird schistosomes antigens

Detection of anti-fasciola istypes among poatients with fascioliasis before and after treatment with mirazid

Stool examination using modified Kato thick smear method was performed to detect Fasciola eggs and other parasites. Abdominal pain was the major presenting symptom [87.7%], followed by pallor [83.3%] and fever [16.7%]. Anemia and hepatomegaly were recorded in 77.7% of the patients compared with 27.7% with splenomegaly. Abdominal ultrasonography revealed hepatomegaly and common bile duct dilatation in 77.7% of the patients. Moreover, five cases showed diagnostic olympic game rings. All patients had positive IgG4 levels, 55 cases were positive for specific total IgG and IgG1; whereas only 24 cases had positive IgG2 levels. All negative controls showed no cross reactions. On the other hand, ELISA detecting IgG4 showed the highest specificity [95%], followed by IgG2 [85%] and the least specific test was obtained with the detection of IgG [70%] and IgG1 [65%]. One month after treatment, 91.1% of the patients were completely cured and even after another two-month follow up. In completely cured patients, none of anti- Fasciola isotypes was significantly changed. So, the detection of anti- Fasciola isotypes, especially IgG4, is very specific for the accurate diagnosis of human fascioliasis

Immunological and parasitological studies of cryptosporidium muris tyzzer [1907]

Oocysts of C. muris and the events of excystation using 0.5% sodium hypochlorite as excystation medium were described with light microscope. The response of the immunocompetent BALB/c mice against infection was studied using sera of orally infected mice at different periods post-inoculation by indirect immunofluorescence antibody test using 1: 150 FITC conjugated rabbit serum antimouse polyclonal IgG. From the patterns of IFAT, it was suggested that the dominant antigen in C. muris was restricted to the apical complex of the sporozoites. Such antigen may play a role in the invasion of the host cell. Future analysis of such receptor molecules might constitute prime candidates as immunogens for a vaccine, the efficiency of which might cause inhibition of parasite invasion