Chemotherapeutic nanomaterials in tumor boundary delineation: Prospects for effective tumor treatment

Accurately delineating tumor boundaries is key to predicting survival rates of cancer patients and assessing response of tumor microenvironment to various therapeutic techniques such as chemotherapy and radiotherapy. This review discusses various strategies that have been deployed to accurately delineate tumor boundaries with particular emphasis on the potential of chemotherapeutic nanomaterials in tumor boundary delineation. It also compiles the types of tumors that have been successfully delineated by currently available strategies. Finally, the challenges that still abound in accurate tumor boundary delineation are presented alongside possible perspective strategies to either ameliorate or solve the problems. It is expected that the information communicated herein will form the first compendious baseline information on tumor boundary delineation with chemotherapeutic nanomaterials and provide useful insights into future possible paths to advancing current available tumor boundary delineation approaches to achieve efficacious tumor therapy.

Geographical distribution of host animals of plague in residential areas in Yunnan Province / 中华地方病学杂志

Objective To investigate the geographical distribution of plague host animals in residential areas and the association between plague and its distribution pattern in Yunnan Province.Methods A systematic investigation on fauna and community ecology of rodents was carried out in residential areas of 17 counties(cities) of Yunnan Province,southwestern China with different longitude,latitude and elevation from May 2007 to November 2012.The characteristics of the spatial distribution of flea communities along environmental gradients were analyzed using community structure indexes.Results A total of 390 small mammals were trapped in seventeen counties (cities),and the mammals were classified into 11 species and 7 genus in 4 families.Among all small host mammals,Rattus tanezumi,Rattus nitidus and Rattus norvegicus were dominant species of host animals in residential areas,accounting for 33.85％ (132/390),20.77％ (81/390) and 16.92％ (66/390),respectively.The horizontal distribution of rodents showed that Rattus tanezumi was the widest species in residential areas,which was found at the longitude 98°-105°,followed by Rattus norvegicus,Rattus yunnanensis and Mus musculus.The vertical and latitudinal distributions of rodents were similar in residential areas.Rattus tanezumi was also the widest distributed species,which was observed at the latitude 21°-＜ 28°N and at the altitude 500-＜ 3 500 m; the constituent of Rattus tanezumi showed similar trends of leaning peak curves,first gradually increasing and then decreasing with the increase of latitude and elevation; Rattus tanezumi gradually changed into Rattus nitidus and Apodemus chevrieri,et al.The richness spatial distribution patterns of host animals showed similar trends of leaning peak curves which gradually increased and then decreased with increasing of longitude and latitude; the highest richness was observed at the longitude 98°-＜ 101°E and at the latitude 23°-＜ 28°N.While,the richness spatial d istribution patterns of host animals were relatively poor in the low or the high altitude range.The highest richness was observed at the altitude between 1 000-＜ 1 500 m and 2 000-＜ 2 500 m.Conclusions All spatial patterns of indoor host animals have shown an aggregated spatial distribution in Yunnan Province.Moreover,important environmental factors such as longitude,latitude,and altitude play a substantial role on the distribution patterns of indoor host animals among various focus,therefore directly impact on the modes of prevalence and transmission of plague.

Clinical efficacy analysis on the treatment of thoracolumbar fractures via paraspinal muscle gap approach / 临床外科杂志

Objective To investigate the clinical efficacy of paraspinal muscle gap approach in the short segment internal fixation of thoracolumbar fractures.Methods Forty-five patients with thoraco-lumbar fractures but without spinal decompression underwent posterior short segment internal fixation,in-cluding 20 cases via paraspinal muscle gap approach(group A)and 25 cases via traditional posterior mid-line approach.Operative time,intraoperative blood loss,postoperative drainage,visual analogue scale (VAS)score,correction rate of Cobb angle and correction rate of vertebral collapse were recorded and the surgical results were compared between the groups.Results All patients got bony union without internal fixation loosening,broken nails or broken rods.There were significant differences in operative time [(88 ± 17)min vs(105 ±14)min],blood loss [(121 ±24)ml vs(230 ±31 )ml]and postoperative drainage [(66 ±28)ml vs(250 ±45)ml]between group A and B respectively(P0.05 ).Conclusion Internal fixation via paraspinal muscle gap approach has the advantages of less trauma,simple approach,short operative time,less blood loss,quick recovery after surgery.It is consistent with the modern concept of minimal invasion and worthy of sprea-ding.

Impact of nicotine on rat fracture healing callus content and process maturity / 中国医师杂志

Objective To explore the effect of nicotine on rats callus content and maturity in the process of fracture healing.Methods Sixty male Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into model group,mild nicotine group and severe nicotine group (n =20/each group).The 3-mm bone defects fracture models were made in the junction of the lower 1/3 of the rat left radial.Five rats of each group were sacrificed randomly in the 3,7,14,21 days after surgery,respectively.The left radial were collected as the observed object.The callus thickness and maturity of the specimens were detected by HE staining.Results At the 3rd days after modeling,the difference in specimens callus thickness between each treatment group and the model group was not statistically significant (P ＞ 0.05),no difference in the maturity of the callus under the microscope; callus thickness in mild and severe nicotine groups and model group was (1.59 ± 0.09) mm,(1.43 ± 0.12) mm,(1.39 ± 0.09) mm at the 7th day after modeling,(1.98 ± 0.12) mm,(1.78 ± 0.08)mm and (1.68 ± 0.09) mm at the 14th day after modeling,and (2.39 ± 0.09) mm,(1.93 ± 0.11) mm,(1.89 ± 0.09) mm at the 21 st day after modeling; The difference of callus thickness in specimens between each treatment group and the model group had statistical significance (P ＜ 0.05,P ＜0.01),callus thickness and maturity of the treatment group were lower than that in the model group.Conclusions Nicotine affects the proliferation and differentiation of callus,reduces callus formation,inhibits maturity transformation of bone,and delays the healing process of fracture.

Application of fast-track surgery in perioperative period of colon cancer: a randomized controlled clinical trial / 国际外科学杂志

Objective This study was designed to compare the safety and efficacy of fast track surgery (FTS) with conventional perioperative management in colonl cancer patients undergoing radical resection.Methods From May 2011 to May 2013,66 patients with colorectal cancer were randomly assigned to FTS group and control group.Outcomes were assessed by length of postoperative hospital stay,medical cost,nutritional status,gut function,and postoperative complication.Results FTS group was associated with a significantly shorter postoperative hospital stay,lessmedical cost,earlier first passage of flatus,less loss of body weight in the postoperative period compared with control group,and there were no differences in morbidity or mortality between two groups.Conclusion The radical resection under the guidence of fast track rehabilitation is safe and effective method.Significantly reduce patients' perioparative stess response and accelerate the recovery.

Expression of progesterone receptor membrane component-1 is associated with the malignant phenotypes of breast cancer / 南方医科大学学报

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the correlation of the expression of progesterone receptor membrane component-1 to the clinicopathological features of breast cancer.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>The expression of PGRMC1 was detected immunohistochemically in 60 surgical specimens of breast cancer, and the association of PGRMC1 with the histological grade, lymphatic metastasis, TNM stage and prognosis was assessed.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>Positive CA-9 expression was detected in 37 (61.67%) of the cases. PGRMC1 expression was significantly correlated to lymph node metastasis (P=0.004), tumor size (P=0.03), TNM stage (P=0.039), overall survival rate (Log-rank=10.378, P=0.0001), and tumor-free survival (Log-rank=4.443, P=0.035), but not to the patients' age (P=0.196) or histological grade (P=0.526). Multivariate survival analysis indicated that PGRMC1 was an independent prognostic factor of breast cancer (P=0.002).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The expression of PGRMC1 is strongly associated with the progression of breast cancer, and may serve as a useful prognostic indicator of the malignancy.</p>

Observation on Therapeutic Effect of Water-soluble Vitamins for Injection in Supportive Care of Postoperative Patients with Gastrointestinal Malignancy Undergoing Chemotherapy / 中国药房

OBJECTIVE:To explore the clinical significance of water-soluble vitamins for injection in supportive care of postoperative tumor patients undergoing chemotherapy.METHODS:Water-soluble vitamins for injection was given to64post operative patients with gastrointestinal malignancy in treatment group for3days before chemotherapy and for7days after chemotherapy;adenosine triphosphate,coenzyme a and kalium chloratum were given to60patients in control group for the same period.Nutritional and oral mucosa condition,hemoglobin and hepatic function were observed before and after chemotherapy.RESULTS:Appetite increased in71.8%patients in treatment group,none was observed in control group(P

Clinical Study on Sodium Cantharidate Combined with 5-Fu and CF Treatment of Advanced Colorectal Cancer / 中国医师杂志

Objective To compare the efficacy and toxicity of in patients with advanced colorectal cancer. Methods Seventy-six patients were enrolled in this study.38 patients(treatment group)received chemotherapy regimen of sodium cantharidate 0 3mg,CF 200mg/m 2, and 5-Fu 375mg/m 2 intravenous infusion from the first day to the tenth day. 38 patients(control group)received chemotherapy regimen of CF 200mg/m 2 and 5-Fu 375mg/m 2 intravenous infusion from the first day to the tenth day. ALL patients underwent two cycles of the therapy at least. Results The efficacy of the treatment group and control group was 39 5% and 18 4% respectively, which had a significant difference. The hematologic toxicities in the treatment group, especially leukopenia and anemia, were significantly than those in the control group less. Conlusion The results indicated that sodium cantharidate combined with 5-FU and CF treatment of colorectal cancer had moderate activity and less toxicity, further clinical investigation of which should be performed.

The Expression and Clinical Significance of MMP-9 and VEGF in Breast Cancer / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate the expression of Matrix metalloprotein-9 (MMP-9) and Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) in breast cancer. HZ Methods SP immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of MMP-9 and VEGF in 96 breast cancer tissues. Results The positive rate of MMP-9 in breast cancer was 65.6 %,while the positive rate of VEGF was 71.9%. Both MMP-9 and VEGF postivity was correlated with pathological stage and lymphatic metastasis.There was a positive correlation between the expression of MMP-9 and that of VEGF in breast cancer tissues( P

The expression of metastin in breast cancer and its clinical significance / 中国医师杂志

Objective To investigate the expression of metastin and its significance in benign breast disease,normal breast tissue and breast carcinoma.Methods SP immunohistochemistry was used to determine the expression of metastin in 16 benign breast disease,12 normal breast tissue and 56 breast carcinoma.Results The positive rates of metastin in benign breast disease,normal breast tissue and breast carcinoma were 68.8%,75% and 30.4%,respectively.The expression of metastin in breast carcinoma was much lower than that in benign breast disease and normal breast tissue(P

A study on changes of 6 K PGF 1? from plasma and the luminal surface of the Dacron grafts implanted into the canine inferior vene cava / 中国普通外科杂志

The aim of this study is to determine whether seeded Dacron with autologous venous tissue fragments shows significant 6-keto-prostglandin F 1? (6 K PGF 1? )production after in vivo implantation.The Dacron grafts seeded with autologous venous fragments were implanted into the inferior vene cava(IVC)of the 13 canines as seeded group;and the control group (8 canines),in which grafts were only preclotted with fresh blood. Plasma 6 K PGF 1? and TXB 2 were assessed at different time.All of the specimens explanted at exsanguination were observed with light microscopy and sanning electron microscopy and the amounts of 6 K PGF 1? from the luminal surface were assessed using ridioimmunoassay. The results showed that the total patency rate of the explanted vessels was higher in seeded group (61.5%) than that in control group ( 25% ),and that endothelial cells lined the whole luminal surface of Dacron at the 14th day after operation in seeded group,but thrombus covered the surface of Dacron at the 14th day in control ones. The level of 6 K PGF 1? from plasma and the luminal surface of Dacron grafts in seeded group was higher,but the level of plasma TXB 2 was lower than that in control group. It can be concluded that seeding Dacron with autologous venous fragments makes a new endothelial lining possible at two weeks,and can release more 6 K PGF 1? and thus lead to an improved patency rate of canine IVC reconstructions,so the graft patency might be determined according to the changes of plasma 6 K PGF 1? and TXB 2 level.

Effect of 5-Aza-2′-deoxycytidine on experimental lung metastasis of breast cance / 中国普通外科杂志

Objective To investigate the effect of 5-Aza-CdR on experimental lung metastasis of breast cancer and the possible mechanisms.Methods MDA-MB-231 cells were divided into control group and 5-Aza-CdR-treated group.The mRNA expressions and promotor methylation status of BRMS1 and CXCR4 of the MDA-MB-231 cells were evaluated by SqRT-PCR and MSP respectively.Then,the MDA-MB-231 cells of control group and 5-Aza-CdR-treated group were injected into BALB/c nude mice through lateral tail veins,respectively.five weeks later,the mRNA abundance of the target gene HPRT and internal control gene GAPDH of the lung tissues from the mice were evaluated by FqRT-PCR.Results 5-Aza-CdR upgraded the BRMS1mRNA expression significantly than that in control group(0 versus 0.39?0.001,P0.05) and the status of unmethylated CXCR4 CpG island 1 in promotor were not changed significantly.The Ct values of HPRT and GAPDH in control and 5-Aza-CdR-treated groups were 24.75?1.55,16.19?0.69 versus 27.61?1.67,17.48?0.96 respectively,2-??Ct=0.34.The mRNA abundance of the HPRT was lower and there were fewer metastases in the lungs of 5-Aza-CdR-treated group compared with control group.Conclusions 5-Aza-CdR can activate tumor metastasis suppressor gene BRMS1 by demethylation mechanism,and thus,decreased the ability of breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells for experimental metastasis to lungs.