RESUMO
The median cubital vein, connecting the basilic and cephalic veins in the cubital fossa, is used for routine clinical procedures such as phlebotomy, insertion of intravenous cannulas, critical investigations, cardiac angiography and stent placement. Numerous variations regarding the arrange- ment of the median cubital vein are mentioned in the literature, such as classical or N-type, M-type, I-type, absence of cephalic vein in the arm, doubled median cubital vein, median cubital vein as the venous arch. In majority of the population either classical type or N-type variation has been documented. Significant percentage of the population have an absence of median cubital vein, replaced by the median cephalic and median basilic veins. Geographical differences in frequencies of variations of the median cubital vein have also been documented. In the background of the clinical utility, it rises paramount importance for medical personnel to know about the anatomical variations of the cubital vein. Lack of awareness would incur needless harm and suffering to the patient and delay investigation and treatment modalities. Therefore, we intend to do a comprehensive review of the variations in the median cubital vein.
RESUMO
The anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is very common worldwide, frequently associated with sports trauma. Often, ACL tear necessitates reconstruction by replacing the entire ligament. Despite ACL reconstruction being performed widely, there is still lack in restoring the anatomical functions. Histological studies have demonstrated that the injured anterior cruciate ligament has numerous vessels and fibroblasts proliferation potential with continuous collagen turnover after 13–20 weeks of injury. Therefore, the ACL has healing potential and the remnants of injured ACL can be used for repair/reconstruction procedures. A better understanding of histological characteristics of injured ACL ligament will add further knowledge for finding new treatment techniques for ACL repair