RESUMO
SUMMARY: Mandibular incisive canal (MIC) and related mental foramen (MF) and anterior loop (AL) morphometrics are important landmarks in medical and dental clinical applications. The main aim of this retrospective study to determine the morphometry of the mandibular incisive canal (MIC) in a Jordanian population and to propose a new shape-pattern classification of the MIC. In addition, MF and AL morphometrics were determined. Carestream 3D imaging software was used on 100 Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) of a Jordanian population to determine the MF, AL and MIC morphometrics. The detection prevalence of the MIC was 96 %. The right and left MIC showed four distinct line patterns, proposed for the first time in this paper. The line-patterns were angular (L-line), straight (I-line), curved (V-line) and wavy (W-line), with a prevalence of 41 %, 19 %, 25.5 %, and 10.5 %, respectively. MF was detected in all mandibles with a round shape in 58 % of the images. The most common horizontal and vertical positions of the MF were H4 and H3 (73.5 %) and V3 and V2 (95 %), respectively. An accessory MF was detected in 14.5 % of the samples and was more prevalent in males and on the right side. AL was detected in 92.5 % of the samples and exhibited a pattern prevalence of 25.5 %, 40 % and 27 % for types I, II and III, respectively. Results revealed that asymmetry and gender differences between right and left MIC, MF, AL and AMF was seen in patient's mandibles. In conclusion, this is the first study to propose and show that Mandibular incisive canal exhibits four potential line patterns (L, I, V and W lines patterns). Gender and ethnic variations of the mandibular canal landmarks morphometrics of both right and left hemi-mandible are important to be acknowledged in learning anatomy and when planning or performing dental and medical procedures.
Las relaciones de la morfometría del canal incisivo mandibular (MCI), del foramen mentoniano (FM) y del asa anterior (AA) son hitos importantes en las aplicaciones clínicas médicas y dentales. El objetivo principal de este estudio retrospectivo fue determinar la morfometría del MCI en una población jordana y proponer una nueva clasificación de patrón de forma del MCI. Además, se determinaron la morfometría de FM y AA. Se utilizó el software de imágenes 3D Carestream en 100 tomografías computarizadas de haz cónico (CBCT) de una población jordana para determinar la morfometría de FM, MCI y AA. La prevalencia de detección de MCI fue del 96 %. El MCI derecho e izquierdo mostraron cuatro patrones de líneas distintas, propuestas por primera vez en este artículo. Los patrones de líneas fueron angulares (línea L), rectos (línea I), curvos (línea V) y ondulados (línea W), con una prevalencia del 41 %, 19 %, 25,5 % y 10,5 % respectivamente. Se detectó el FM en todas las mandíbulas y con forma redonda en el 58 % de las imágenes. Las posiciones horizontal y vertical más comunes del FM fueron H4 y H3 (73,5 %) y V3 y V2 (95 %), respectivamente. Se detectó FM accesorio en el 14,5 % de las muestras y fue más prevalente en el sexo masculino y en el lado derecho. AA se detectó en el 92,5 % de las muestras y exhibió un patrón de prevalencia del 25,5 %, 40 % y 27 % para los tipos I, II y III, respectivamente. Los resultados revelaron asimetría y diferencias en el sexo entre MCI, FM, AA derecha e izquierda en las mandíbulas de los pacientes. En conclusión, este es el primer estudio que propone y muestra que el canal incisivo mandibular exhibe cuatro patrones de líneas potenciales (patrones de líneas L, I, V y W). Es importante reconocer las variaciones étnicas y de sexo de la morfometría de los puntos de referencia del canal mandibular de la hemimandíbula derecha e izquierda al estudiar y aprender anatomía y al planificar o realizar procedimientos médicos y dentales.
RESUMO
Background: Thymoquinone (TQ), the bioactive constituent of black seed (Nigella sativa), has been shown to inhibit the growth of various human cancerous cells both in vitro and in vivo. Aim: To characterize the effects of thymoquinone on the activity of phase I and phase II carcinogen metabolizing enzymes in rats. Materials and Methods: Phase I enzymes, namely the cytochrome P450 enzymes CYP1A1 and CYP2E1, and phase II enzymes, including UDP-glucuronyltransferase (UGT) and glutathione S-transferase (GST), were studied in the liver, lung and stomach of female Swiss albino rats. The animals were divided into two groups (10 rats/group), a control group treated with corn oil and a TQ-treated group receiving oral (gavage) thymoquinone at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day for 15 consecutive days. Animals were then sacrificed on day 16. Tissue homogenates of liver, lung and stomach were prepared to evaluate the activities of both phase I and phase II selected enzymes. Results: Thymoquinone treatment induced significant modulation of the selected phase I and phase II enzymes in a tissue-specific manner. Our results revealed statistically significant reductions in the activities of CYP1A1 enzyme (46%, 60% and 57% in liver, lung and stomach respectively) versus the control group. Similarly, CYP2E1 activities were decreased in both liver and lung, by 51% and 16%, respectively, compared to the control group. UGT enzyme showed a decrease of 51% in liver, but a significant rise in both lung and stomach, by 40% and 192%, respectively. GST activity, on the other hand, was moderately enhanced, by 24%, 50% and 30% in liver, lung and stomach, respectively. Conclusion: Thymoquinone, in addition to scavenging active metabolites of chemical carcinogens, may also change their metabolisms by modulating the activity levels of enzymes involved in carcinogen activation and/or xenobiotics pathways.