Callus Induction, Proliferation, Enhanced Secondary Metabolites Production and Antioxidants Activity of Salvia moorcroftiana L. as Influenced by Combinations of Auxin, Cytokinin and Melatonin

Abstract: Tissue culture technique is one of the best methods to reproduce salvia plant Therefore, the aim of this research was to enhance the in-vitro callus proliferation and production of secondary metabolites of S. moorcroftiana using different combinations of auxin, cytokinin and melatonin. Initially, callus induction was optimized using indole acetic acid (IAA), 2, 4-dichlorophenoxy acetic acid (2,4-D), and naphthalene acetic acid (NAA) applied at different concentrations in combination with 1 mg L-1 of 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP). The results indicates that earliest days to callus induction (14.67 days) was occurred in the media fortified with 2, 4-D+BAP (2.0+1.0 mgL-1). Whereas the highest callus initiation (100%) was induced on MS medium incorporated with 2,4-D+BAP (1+1mgL-1). Furthermore, maximum fresh weight was obtained when 2,4- D + BAP at the rate of (1+ 1mg L-1) was incorporated and dry weight was attained when 2,4- D + BAP at the rate of (2+1 mg L-1) was added to MS media. The maximum fresh and dry weight was obtained when melatonin at rate of 1.5 mg L-1 was supplemented with MS media including 2,4-D + BAP (1+1mg L-1), moreover the maximum DPPH scavenging activity, total phenolic and flavonoid content was noted when supplemented with melatonin at rate of 1.5 mg L-1. In conclusion, among various concentrations of plant growth regulators, 2,4- D + BAP at the rate of (1+ 1mg L-1) along with 1.5 g L-1 melatonin was the best for callus growth and production of secondary metabolites of S. moorcroftiana.

Clinical evaluation of cases of lower genitourinary tract trauma with special reference to primary realignment in cases of posterior urethral distraction defect

Background: The exact management strategy for lower genitourinary tract trauma remains controversial. Primary realignment with/without suprapubic catheterization provides definitive procedure with low complications and avoids the need for further open surgeries.Methods: This was a prospective longitudinal study done on 31 cases with different complaints related to lower tract genitourinary trauma. All patients underwent suprapubic catheterization and/or primary realignment. The outcome was measured in the terms of time for discharge, urinary incontinence, stricture formation, erectile dysfunction and impotence.Results: Maximum proportion of patients with lower genitourinary injuries in the study was in 10-20 years age group (48.4%). Blunt trauma was accounted for 93.6% of lower genitourinary injuries. Road traffic accidents were the most common cause (90.32%) of lower genitourinary injuries. Urinary bladder injuries accounted for 41.9% of all lower genitourinary injuries. Blood at meatus is present in only about half of the significant urethral injuries. Primary realignment of urethral injury results in lesser duration of hospital stay (9.24±2.44 days), shorter length of suprapubic catheterization (11.67±4.78 days) and early spontaneous voiding (40.93±15.79 days). The stricture rate following primary realignment is low (31.25%). Erectile dysfunction was noted only in two patients (16.6%).Conclusions: Management of traumatic urethral disruption by primary realignment serves as ultimate therapy in majority of patients.