Presence of incomplete superficial axillary arch and pectoralis quartus muscle in one male body / Presencia en un individuo de un arco axilar superficial incompleto y de un músculo pectoral cuarto

SUMMARY: The anatomical variations of the pectoralis major muscle (PMM) and latissimus dorsi muscle (LDM) range from agenesis to the presence of supernumerary fascicles with a variety of insertions and relationships with the muscles, fascia, vessels, nerves and skeletal components of the shoulder girdle and the axilla. Many of these variations are clinically irrelevant, but extremely interesting and revealing from the perspective of comparative anatomy, ontogeny, and phylogeny. In this report, we present two different supernumerary muscles in the chest of one adult male body, identified during dissection practice of undergraduate medical students at Universidad Surcolombiana. These supernumerary fascicles in the axillary region were caudal to the lower edge of the PMM on the right side of the chest, and in contact with the anterior edge of the LDM on the left side of the chest; each fascicle was inserted in the ipsilateral coracoid process. These observations are congruent with the pectoralis quartus muscle and an incomplete and superficial axillary arch, respectively.

RESUMEN: Las variaciones anatómicas del músculo pectoral mayor (MPM) y del músculo latísimo del dorso (MLD) van desde la agenesia hasta la presencia de fascículos supernumerarios con una variedad de inserciones y relaciones con los músculos, fascias, vasos, nervios y componentes esqueléticos de la cintura escapular y la axila. Clínicamente, muchas de las variaciones son irrelevantes, pero extremadamente interesantes y reveladoras desde la perspectiva de la anatomía comparada, la ontogenia y la filogenia. En este estudio, presentamos dos músculos supernumerarios diferentes en la pared torácica de un hombre adulto, identificados durante la práctica de disección de estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad Surcolombiana. Estos fascículos supernumerarios en la región axilar estaban caudales al margen inferior del MPM en el lado derecho del tórax y en contacto con el margen anterior del MLD en el lado izquierdo del tórax; cada fascículo se insertaba en el proceso coracoides ipsilateral. Estas observaciones son congruentes con el músculo pectoral cuarto y un arco axilar incompleto y superficial, respectivamente.

Age determination in subadults using histological analysis of bones / Determinación de la edad en subadultos usando análisis histológico de los huesos

Abstract Introduction: According to the literature, the amount of osteons has been suggested as a good proxy to determine the age of death in adults. However in subadults research has not been carried out yet. Objective: To determine the accuracy of the histomorphometric technique predicting the age at death in subadults using bone remains. Methodology: The information of static histomorphometric parameters from about 120 iliac bones retrieved from the exhumed remains of subadults whose age at death was known was taken from the Granada collection. In order to predict the age at death we performed a step by step linear regression to estimate the fittest model. Results: The most closely and significantly associated biopsy findings with age were: the osteon count, the internal cortical width, and the trabecular bone volume. Pearson's correlation index indicated a weak linear association among these variables. To assess the accuracy of the model we used a coefficient of determination with a 0.32 value. 32% of the age variation in the subadults was explained by the three variables. Conclusion: This regression model explains a percentage of the total age variation in the subadult population. However this model is not enough to determine the age at death.

Resumen Introducción: La capacidad de predicción de las osteonas para determinar la edad de muerte de los individuos ha sido descrito en la literatura científica. No obstante, no se ha determinado dicha capacidad en individuos subadultos. Objetivo: Determinar la eficacia de lo parámetros histomorfometricos en población subadulta. Metodología: Se realizaron biopsias de hueso ilíaco en los restos de 120 subadultos, de la Colección Osteológica de Granada, con edad conocida en el momento de la muerte. Para establecer la capacidad de predicción se utilizó el R2 obtenido a partir de regresión lineal múltiple. Resultados: Las variables con mayor nivel predictivo y significativo para la estimación de la edad fueron: recuento de osteonas tipo 2 de la cortical interna y externa, y el volumen óseo trabecular; En la evaluación del modelo, se obtuvo un coeficiente de determinación de 0.32, es decir, el 32% de la variación en la edad de los subadultos se explica por el modelo. Sin embargo, se evidenció diferencias en la capacidad de predicción por sexo. Conclusión: Este modelo de regresión explica un porcentaje sustancial de la varianza de la edad de los individuos en la muestra. No obstante, no es suficiente para garantizar una adecuada predicción de la edad al momento de muerte de los individuos subdultos.

Safflower oil: an integrated assessment of phytochemistry, antiulcerogenic activity, and rodent and environmental toxicity

Gastric ulcers are a significant medical problem and the development of complications lead to significant mortality rates worldwide. In Brazil, Carthamus tinctorius L., Asteraceae, seeds essential oil, the safflower oil, is currently used as a thermogenic compound and as treatment for problems related to the cardiovascular system. In this study, by Raman spectroscopy, it was shown that oleic and linoleic acids are the compounds present in higher concentrations in the safflower oil. We demonstrated that safflower oil (750 mg/kg, p.o.) decrease the ulcerogenic lesions in mice after the administration of hydrochloric acid-ethanol. The gastric ulcers induced by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) in mice treated with cholinomimetics were treated with four different doses of safflower oil, of which, the dose of 187.5 mg/kg (p.o.) showed significant antiulcerogenic properties (**p < 0.01). Moreover, the safflower oil at doses of 187.5 mg/kg (i.d.) increased the pH levels, gastric volume (**p < 0.01) and gastric mucus production (***p < 0.001), and decreased the total gastric acid secretion (***p < 0.001). The acute toxicity tests showed that safflower oil (5.000 mg/kg, p.o.) had no effect on mortality or any other physiological parameter. Ecotoxicological tests performed using Daphnia similis showed an EC50 at 223.17 mg/l, and therefore safflower oil can be considered “non-toxic” based on the directive 93/67/EEC on risk assessment for new notified substances by European legislation. These results indicate that the antiulcer activity of Safflower oil may be due to cytoprotective effects, which serve as support for new scientific studies related to this pathology.

Mortalidad evitable, Medellín 2004 a 2009 / Avoidable mortality, Medellín 2004 to 2009

Objetivo: determinar la estructura de la mortalidad evitable en Medellín entre 2004 y 2009 y de los Años Potenciales de Vida Perdidos (apvp). Metodología: en un estudio descriptivo con información del dane, se utilizó el Inventario de Causas de Mortalidad Evitable (icme) propuesto por Gómez 2006. Se calcularon las tasas medianas ajustadas de mortalidad evitable por edad, sexo y año, cuyo denominador utilizado fue el de la población de Medellín correspondiente al periodo indicado. Se calcularon los apvp para cada causa evitable sumando para todas muertes el resultado obtenido de diferenciar la esperanza de vida, la de Colombia en el 2009 y la edad de la muerte. Estos apvp se ajustaron por el método directo, con población estándar la de Colombia. Resultados: en el sexenio, el 48,9% de las defunciones (35.046) se consideraron evitables, con predominio de las relacionadas con las medidas mixtas, 875,1 por cada cien mil habitantes, preferiblemente en los hombres y a los 36 años o menos en el 50% de los casos. En este grupo, las causas violentas constituyeron el 58% de las defunciones en una relación de 7 a 1 a favor de los hombres. Los apvp para 2009 se incrementaron con respecto a los años anteriores en un 22,9%. Conclusión: se observó un gradiente positivo de la mortalidad evitable, esto es, a años más recientes mayor es el indicador de la misma. En el período de estudio las tasas de mortalidad evitable para los hombres, en general y en cada año fueron mayores que las de las mujeres...

Objective: to determine the structure of avoidable mortality and Years of Potential Life Lost (ypll) in Medellín in the period 2004-2009). Methodology: in a descriptive study using data from the dane, the inventory of Causes of Avoidable Mortality (icme) proposed by Gómez in 2006 was used. The median rates of avoidable mortality adjusted for age, sex and year were calculated, and the population of Medellin between 2004 and 2009 was used as denominator. The ypll were calculated for each cause of Avoidable death by summing the difference between the life expectancy of Colombia in 2009 and the age of death. These ypll were adjusted using the direct method and the standard population of Colombia. Results: in the six years of the study, 48.9% of the deaths (35,046) were considered avoidable. Deaths related to mixed measures were predominant (875.1 per hundred thousand inhabitants); these deaths were higher for men, and the median age was 36 years old or younger in 50% of the cases. In this group, violent causes accounted for 58% of the deaths, showing a ratio of 7:1 in favor of men. In 2009, the amount of ypll increased in 22.9% compared to the previous year. Conclusion: in this study, a positive gradient of avoidable mortality was observed, that is to say, the value of the avoidable mortality indicator is higher for more recent years. Similarly, the rates of avoidable mortality were higher for men than for women during the studied period, both for each year and in general...

Gastroprotective effects of essential oil from Protium heptaphyllum on experimental gastric ulcer models in rats

Peptic ulcers are a common disorder of the entire gastrointestinal tract, its etiology has not been completely elucidated. The basic physiopathological of peptic ulcers result from an imbalance between some endogenous aggressive factor and cytoprotective factors. The treatment of this disease is usually done with antacids or proton pump, but are currently being used plants derivated compounds. We evaluated the gastroprotective properties and its possible mechanisms of action of the essential oil from Protium heptaphyllum (Aubl.) Marchand, Burseraceae (BB). The formation of ulcers, were evaluated in three experimental models, through the induction of gastric lesions by ethanol, nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and acetic acid. The mechanisms of action were evaluated through the pylorus ligature experiment, western blot, GSH, GR, SOD, GPx, MDA and MPO activities. BB significantly inhibited the formation of ulcers induced by the three different models, increased the GSH and GR levels and maintained the same levels of SOD and GPx of the sham group, inhibited MPO and MDA, did not produce significant modification in gastric juice content and showed increased COX-2 and EGF. BB exerts its gastroprotective activity, possibly, by increasing COX-2 and EGF expression and due to its possible antioxidant property.

Chronic administration of Abarema cochliacarpos attenuates colonic inflammation in rats

Inflammatory bowel diseases are characterized by a chronic clinical course of relapse and remission associated with self-destructive inflammation of the gastrointestinal tract. Active extracts from plants have emerged as natural potential candidates for its treatment. Abarema cochliacarpos (Gomes) Barneby & Grimes, Fabaceae (Barbatimão), is a native medicinal plant in to Brazil. Previously we have demonstrated in an acute colitis model a marked protective effect of a butanolic extract, so we decided to assess its anti-inflammatory effect in a chronic ulcerative colitis model induced by trinitrobenzensulfonic acid (TNBS). Abarema cochliacarpos (150 mg/day, v.o.) was administered for fourteen consecutive days. This treatment decreased significantly macroscopic damage as compared with TNBS. Histological analysis showed that the extract improved the microscopic structure. Myeloperoxidase activity (MPO) was significantly decreased. Study of cytokines showed that TNF-α was diminished and IL-10 level was increased after Abarema cochliacarpos treatment. In order to elucidate inflammatory mechanisms, expression of cyclooxygenase (COX)-2 and nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were studied showing a significant downregulation. In addition, there was reduction in the JNK and p-38 activation. Finally, IκB degradation was blocked by Abarema cochliacarpos treatment being consistent with an up-regulation of the NF-kappaB-binding activity. These results reinforce the anti-inflammatory effects described previously suggesting that Abarema cochliacarpos could provide a source for the search for new anti-inflammatory compounds useful in ulcerative colitis treatment.

Anti-inflammatory and analgesic potential of hydrolyzed extract of Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm., Asparagaceae / Potencial anti-inflamatório e analgésico do extrato hidrolisado de Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm, Asparagaceae

The hemolytic, anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive properties from hydrolyzed extract Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm., Asparagaceae (HEAS) was evaluated on classic inflammation models. Male Swiss mice and male Wistars rats received HEAS (500 mg/kg) in two administration p.o. and i.p. in saline solution 0.9 percent. The acid hydrolysis inhibited the hemolytic action of saponins due to the retreat of side chain sugar. The treatment of the ear induced oedema by xylene with HEAS significantly reduced in two routes 13±1.5 and 10±0.63 mg, respectively, p.o. and i.p., in comparison with controls 27±1.5 saline and 13.5±1.2 AAS. The HEAS also diminished edema induced by carrageenin 43±1.58 mg (p.o.) and 17±1.26 mg (i.p.), when compared with control groups 52±1.58 mg (saline) and 10.05±1.58 (indomethacin). HEAS showed analgesic effects in abdominal constrictions 30.7 percent (p.o.), 88.7 percent (i.p.) comparable to that produced by (AAS) 70.6 percent. However in granuloma cotton pellet a chronic model of inflammation just the i.p. pathway decreased granulomatous tissue (20.4±1.32 mg) compared with controls 30.5±2.53 mg (saline) and 20.2±2.18 mg (dexamethasone). These data suggest that HEAS has anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity on acute and chronic processes.

As propriedades hemolítica, anti-inflamatória e antinociceptiva do extrato hidrolisado de Agave sisalana Perrine ex Engelm, Aparagaceae (HEAS) foram avaliadas em modelos clássicos de inflamação. Camundongos Swiss e ratos Wistars machos receberam HEAS (500 mg/kg) em duas vias de administração p.o e i.p em solução salina 0.9 por cento. A hidrólise ácida inibiu a ação hemolítica das saponinas através da retirada das cadeias laterais de açúcar. O tratamento com HEAS reduziu significativamente o edema de orelha induzido por xilol em duas vias 13±1.5 e 10±0.63 mg respectivamente, p.o e i.p, em comparação com os controles 27±1.5 salina e 13.5±1.2 AAS. O HEAS também diminuiu o edema induzido por carragenina 43±1.58 mg (p.o) e 17±1.26 mg (i.p), quando comparado com os grupos controle 52±1.58 (salina) e 10.05±1.58 (indometacina). HEAS apresentou efeito analgésico em modelo de contorções abdominais 30.7 por cento (p.o), 88.7 por cento (i.p) comparado com aquele produzido pelo (AAS) 70.6 por cento. Contudo, no modelo crônico de inflamação granuloma cotton pellet apenas a via i.p diminuiu o tecido granulomatoso (20.4±1.32 mg) comparado com os controles 30.5±2.53 (salina) e 20.2±2.18 mg (dexametasona). Esses dados sugerem que o HEAS possui atividades anti-inflamatória e analgésica em processos agudos e crônicos.

Validación de la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Seguridad Alimentaria en gestantes adolescentes / Validating Latin-American and Caribbean Latin-American food security scale on pregnant adolescents

Objetivo Realizar validación estadística de la Escala Latinoamericana y Caribeña de Seguridad Alimentaria (ELCSA), que había sido adaptada lingûísticamente para Colombia en el año 2008 por la Escuela de Nutrición de la Universidad de Antioquia. Métodos Estudio descriptivo. Con un 95 por ciento de nivel de confianza, se aplicó la escala ELCSA a una muestra representativa de 150 hogares de gestantes adolescentes, procedentes de población pobre y vulnerable, consultantes de la ESE Salud Pereira, entre abril y junio de 2009. Se capacitaron cuatro entrevistadores, profesionales de enfermería, sobre el objeto de cada una de las preguntas. Se encuestaron 32 hogares de sólo adultos y 118 hogares con adultos, jóvenes y niños. El análisis estadístico se realizó con SPSS. Se utilizó alfa de Cronbach, análisis factorial y de componentes múltiples. Resultados La ELCSA mostró excelente confiabilidad aplicada tanto en hogares de sólo adultos (Cronbach=0,927), como en hogares con adultos, jóvenes y niños (Cronbach=0,953). El análisis factorial utilizando la medida de Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin, presentó alta correlación entre los ítems, tanto en hogares de solo adultos (p=0.889), como en hogares con adultos, jóvenes y niños (p=0,895). La capacidad predictiva de la escala fue de 75 por ciento en los tres componentes identificados: calidad y cantidad de alimentos, acceso o disponibilidad de alimentos, y medios socialmente no aceptables de adquisición y distribución. Conclusiones Los resultados validaron la escala ELCSA como un instrumento confiable para medir la seguridad alimentaria en los hogares colombianos.

Objective Statistically validating the Latin-American and Caribbean household food security scale (ELCSA) which had been linguistically adapted for Colombia during 2008 by the University of Antioquia's School of Nutrition. Methodology This was a descriptive study. The ELCSA scale (95 percent confidence interval) was applied to a representative sample of 150 households containing pregnant adolescents from poor and vulnerable populations. The pregnant girls' families were covered by ESE Salud Pereira and had consulted between April and June 2009. Four professional nurses were trained as interviewers regarding the subject of each question. 32 adult-only households and households containing 118 adults, youngsters and children were surveyed. SPSS software was used for the statistical analysis; Cronbach's alpha, factorial analysis and multiple components were used. Results ELCSA showed excellent reliability when applied to both adult-only households (Cronbach=0.927) and households having adults, teens and children (Cronbach=0.953). Factor analysis using the Kaiser-Meyer-Olkin sampling adequacy test presented high correlation amongst the items in both single adult households (p = 0.889) and households containing adults, teens and children (p=0.895). The scale's predictive ability was 75 percent in the three components identified: quality and quantity of food access or availability of food and non-socially acceptable means of acquisition and distribution. Conclusions The results validated the ELCSA scale as being a reliable tool for measuring household food security in Colombian households.

Antimicrobial activity of Byrsonima species (Malpighiaceae) / Atividade antimicrobiana de espécies de Byrsonima (Malpighiaceae)

Byrsonima species, family Malpighiaceae, is popularly known as "murici". There are several properties attributed to the leaves of Byrsonima species including febrifuge, to treat gastrointestinal dysfunctions and skin diseases. In this work, the antimicrobial activity of Byrsonima fagifolia, B. basiloba and B. intermedia extracts obtained from the leaves were evaluated by using the disc-diffusion method. The results obtained showed that the methanol extracts of leaves had presented antimicrobial activity against all the microorganisms tested.

Espécies de Byrsonima, família Malpighiaceae, são popularmente conhecidas como "murici". Existem várias propriedades atribuídas às folhas de espécies de Byrsonima incluindo febrífuga, no tratamento de disfunções gastrintestinais e doenças de pele. Neste trabalho avaliamos a atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos das folhas de Byrsonima fagifolia, B. basiloba e B. intermedia usando o método de difusão em disco. Os resultados obtidos mostraram que os extratos metanólicos das folhas apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana contra todos os microrganismos testados.

Benthic invertebrates structure in wetlands of a tributary of the middle Parana River (Argentina) affected by hydrologic and anthropogenic disturbances.

The present study was aimed at analyzing chromium concentrations in water column and bottom sediments in the main channel of Northern Salado River (tributary of Middle Parana River) and its floodplain. The main changes caused by human activities and hydrological disturbances on benthic invertebrate structure were also analyzed. Sediment concentrations of the reference area varied between 44.2 and 97.1 microg Crg(-1) (dw), and in the impacted zone, between 85.5 and 209 microg Cr g(-1) (dw) reaching the highest values in the wetland floodplain. Alfa, beta and gamma diversities in the reference section have been 33, 9 and 66 species, and in the disturbed section, they have been 37, 8.33 and 74 species, respectively The species dominant in the disturbed habitats were characterized by a small body size and short life cycles, as the species of olig chaetes Naidinae. The extreme flooding produced a rejuvenation of the area with the consequent physical re-structuration produced by flooding, showing: a marked decrease in chromium levels in sediments and in organic matter content, which allowed the colonization of insects (Ephemeroptera and Trichoptera).

Avaliação química e da atividade antidiarréica das folhas de Byrsonima cinera DC. (Malpighiaceae) / Chemical evaluation and antidiarrhoeal activity of leaves of Byrsonima cinera DC. (Malpighiaceae)

Folhas e cascas de algumas especies do gênero Byrsonima (Malpighiaceae) são empregadas popularmente contra diarréia. Contudo, não existem dados na literatura à respeito de investigacões químicas ou farmacológicas dos extratos de B. cinera. Neste estudo, nós avaliamos a atividade antidiarreica dos extratos metanólico e hidrometanólico das folhas de B. cinera em ratos Swiss. Os resultados mostraram que ambos os extratos reduziram signitivamente a motilidade intestinal. Investigacão fitoquímica do extrato metanólico levou ao isolamento e identificacão da (+)-catequina e da quercetina-3-O-a-L-arabinopiranosídeo. A atividade observada pode estar correlacaionada com a presença dessas substâncias nos extratos.

Mechanism of antiulcerogenic activity of semi-synthetic crotonin obtained from Croton cajucara Benth

The bark of Croton cajucara Benth. is used in Brazilian folk medicine to treat gastrointestinal disorders. Transdehydrocrotonin (DHC) isolated from the bark of Croton cajucara has antiulcerogenic activity25. The presence of similar activity in semi-synthetic crotonin obtained from dehydrocrotonin from Croton cajucara was observed in gastric ulcer-induced models (HCl/ethanol, ethanol, indomethacin, stress and pylorus ligature). The aim of the present study was to assess the mechanisms involved in the antiulcerogenic activity of semi-synthetic crotonin. We investigated the effects of semi-synthetic crotonin on the response to histamine of right atria isolated from guinea pigs and on the response to carbachol of stomach fundus strips from rats. Semi-synthetic crotonin (3, 10 or 30 mM) induced a shift to the right in the concentrationresponse curves to carbachol in the isolated rat stomach at the pD2 level (pD2: 5.42±0.05, 5.76±0.061, 5.77±0.076, 6.48±0.012, respectively), without any alteration in the maximum response. Semi-synthetic crotonin also induced a shift to the right in the concentration-response curves to histamine in guinea pig right atria, pD2 (5.54±0.06, 6.01±0.06, 5.89±0.06, 5.92±0.03) and ( percent) maximum response (80±6.18, 118±6.18, 114±6.18, 122±1.4), respectively. Thus, the protective effect of semi-synthetic crotonin on induced gastric lesions could be due to antagonism of histaminergic and cholinergic effects on gastric secretion.

Ethnopharmacology and the sustainable development of new plant-derived drugs

This paper presents a reflection based on the experience generated by fifteen years of studies on pharmacology and chemistry of medicinal plants, in a underdeveloped country, Brazil. Although the diversity of the Brazilian flora presents a remarkable opportunity towards the development of new medicinal products, there are only small natural products research groups. Strategies for pharmacological and chemical studies of medicinal plants investigated during this time, major difficulties and ways to bypass them are discussed. The ethnopharmacological approach adopted as a general method by our research team has given good results. Details of our experience in the way to develop new plant durgs are reviewed and updated.

Protección miocárdica durante la cirugía cardíaca / Myocardial protection during cardiac surgery

Durante el último siglo,los avances científicos permitieron estudiar los mecanismos responsables del daño celular producidos por isquemia.Gracias a ello,numerosas técnicas fueron propuestas,modificadas,aceptadas o rechazadas hasta nuestros días.Actualmente los cadiocirujanos disponen de un arsenal terapéutico muy variado que permite disminuir en un grado importante esta injuria.Sin embargo, todavía ésta no puede ser evitada totalmente.Las contínuas investigaciones en proceso y a realizar permitirán, tal vez, conocer mecanismos y las técnicas necesarias de protección miocárdica para impedirlo

Poliarterite nodosa com doença intersticial e vascular pulmonar: uma rara associaçäo / Polyarteritis nodosa with interstitial lung disease and vascular involvement: an unusual association

Apesar do caráter multissistêmico da poliarterite nodosa, raros säo os relatos de participaçäo pulmonar. É apresentado caso com confirmaçäo histopatológica dessa vasculite, cuja internaçäo demonstrou quadro clínico e propedêutica complementar compatível com doença intersticial pulmonar, cuja etiologia näo esteve relacionada a nenhuma outra enfermidade. Säo demonstrados os achados do lavado broncoalveolar, radiológicos e da biópsia pulmonar. Revisäo da literatura é apresentada

Septicemia y pancreatitis. / Septicemia and pacreatitis

Se estudia la relacion de inflamacion pancreatica y estados septicemicos en ninos lactantes, encontrandose un 15% de pancreatitis en las autopsias de ninos fallecios con septcemia. Asi mismo en el 10% de lactantes septicos se encontraron valores elevados de amilasemia, observandose una posible relacion entre la hiperamilasemia y el pronostico de estos pacientes