RESUMO
Vaccination is a very important spectrum for building immunity to fight certain infections. Doing vaccination on the mother as well as the baby, which safeguards both of them, is known as maternal immunization. After childbirth, babies are prone to get infected by many diseases as their immunity is inferior during that time. Over the years, numerous studies have shown that vaccinating mothers can effectively reduce the risk of illnesses such as smallpox, polio, etc. This vaccination process helps strengthen the body's system and enables it to combat these diseases effectively when necessary. This approach works by boosting the transfer of antibodies from the person to the fetus through the placenta, providing passive immunity to the infant during their initial months of life until they become eligible for their own vaccines. In addition to protecting infants, maternal immunization can also help prevent complications for individuals caused by infections that could impact their health and pregnancy outcomes. This review focuses on discussing the significance, indications, and safety of immunization for diseases that pose a high risk to both pregnant individuals and their infants.
RESUMO
Gallbladder benign diseases are common and usually cured without further consequences. Some benign illnesses increase the chance of cancer development significantly, whereas others resemble malignant disorders. The biomarkers discussed thus far are among the most extensively researched concerning the different diseases of GBC. Patients with gallbladder cancer are usually diagnosed in later stages when conventional treatments are ineffective. The lack of responsiveness of advanced instances of GBC to existing therapies necessitates the identification of novel prognostic and therapeutic approaches. Novel prognostic biomarkers may provide a crucial breakthrough in this area. Despite the available data and years of research, a prognostic marker that is 100% specific and sensitive to GBC is not yet available. A diverse number of molecular markers have been studied for their potential to be prognostic markers in GBC. p53 and HER2 have been studied very extensively and have shown promise. The deregulation and accumulation of the molecular markers we have discussed so far impact carcinogenesis of the gall bladder. Further analytical studies on the concentration levels of these markers in normal vs precancerous vs cancerous tissues should be carried out. Highly specific prognostic markers can help individualize treatment options to bring down the mortality rate in GBC.