Longitudinal assessment of the impact of orthodontic treatment on adolescents' quality of life: a comparison between boys and girls using a condition specific questionnaire / Avaliação longitudinal do impacto do tratamento ortodôntico na qualidade de vida de adolescentes: comparação entre meninos e meninas utilizando um questionário condição especifica

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to compare the impact of the first year of wearing of a fixed orthodontic appliance on the Oral Health-Related Quality of Life (OHRQoL) between boys and girls, by means of a condition-specific instrument. The study included 69 adolescents aged 10 to 18 years, who were undergoing orthodontic treatment with a fixed appliance. Of the 69 adolescents, 38 were girls (55.1%) and 31 were boys (44.9%). They answered the Brazilian version of the Impact of Fixed Appliance Measure (B-IFAM) questionnaire three months (T1) and one year (T2) after the fixed appliance was installed. This questionnaire contains 43 questions, distributed across nine domains. The higher the scores, the more negative the perception of the adolescent concerning the impact of the fixed appliance on his/her OHRQoL. Sociodemographic and clinical variables were also analyzed, and statistical analysis was performed. For the domains, the effect size (the magnitude of the difference between girls and boys) and the minimal clinically important difference were also calculated. The adjusted regression showed that there was a significantly greater increase in the overall B-IFAM score in girls than in boys, indicating a more negative perception of the OHRQoL over the study time [Coefficient=11.77 (3.47- 20.60), p=0.006]. From T1 to T2, there was a significantly greater increase in the scores (more negative perception of OHRQoL over time) in girls than in boys for the domains aesthetics (p=0.034) and physical impact (p=0.011). These differences were clinically significant. The effect size (the magnitude of the difference) was moderate. The impact of wearing a fixed appliance on the OHRQoL was more negative in girls than in boys during the first year of orthodontic treatment.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o impacto do primeiro ano de uso do aparelho fixo na qualidade de vida relacionada a saúde bucal (QVRSB) entre meninas e meninos, através de um instrumento condição específica. Sessenta e nove adolescentes entre 10 e 18 anos, em tratamento ortodôntico com aparelho fixo foram incluídos. Adolescentes responderam ao questionário Impact of fixed appliance measure (B-IFAM) no terceiro mês de uso do aparelho fixo (T1) e um ano após a colagem do aparelho fixo (T2). Este questionário possui 43 perguntas, distribuídas em nove domínios. Quanto maior os escores, mais negativa a percepção do adolescente com relação ao impacto do aparelho fixo na QVRSB. Variáveis sociodemográficas e clínicas também foram avaliadas. Análise estatística foi realizada. Para os domínios, tamanho de efeito (a magnitude da diferença entre meninas e meninos) e diferença mínima clinicamente importante também foram calculadas. Dos 69 adolescentes, 38 eram meninas (55,1%) e 31 eram meninos (44,9%). Na regressão ajustada, meninas apresentaram um aumento significativamente maior do escore total do B-IFAM do que meninos, indicando uma percepção mais negativa da QVRSB ao longo do tempo de acompanhamento [Coeficiente=11,77 (3,47-20,60), p=0.006]. Meninas apresentavam um aumento significativamente maior dos escores de T1 para T2 (percepção mais negativa da QVRSB ao longo do tempo) em relação aos meninos para os domínios estética (p=0,034) e impacto físico (p=0,011). Estas diferenças também foram clinicamente significativas. O tamanho do efeito (a magnitude da diferença) foi moderado. Meninas demonstraram um impacto mais negativo do uso do aparelho fixo na QVRSB do que meninos nos 12 primeiros meses de tratamento ortodôntico.

Achados Ecocardiográficos Anormais em Pacientes Internados com Covid-19: Uma Revisão Sistemática e Metanálise / Abnormal Echocardiographic Findings in Hospitalized Patients with Covid-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis

Resumo Fundamentos A doença do coronavírus 2019 (Covid-19) pode levar à insuficiência respiratória grave e lesão cardíaca aguda, mas não está claro com que frequência ela pode causar disfunção cardíaca. Objetivos Nesta revisão sistemática, nosso objetivo foi resumir os principais achados ecocardiográficos em pacientes com Covid-19. Métodos Conduzimos uma busca sistemática nos bancos de dados PUBMED, EMBASE, LILACS e Cochrane, além de artigos não pulicados ( preprints ) no MedRxiv e Scielo desde o início até 21 de julho de 2021. Foram incluídos estudos que apresentaram dados ecocardiográficos de pacientes com Covid-19. Características demográficas, doença cardiovascular (DCV) prévia, e achados ecocardiográficos foram extraídos dos estudos. Realizamos uma metanálise de proporções para estimar os principais achados ecocardiográficos. O nível de significância foi p<0,05. Resultados Do total de 11 233 estudos, 38 preencheram os critérios de inclusão e foram incluídos na metanálise. A proporção estimada de disfunção sistólica do ventrículo esquerdo (VE) foi 25% (IC95%: 19, 31; I2 93%), strain longitudinal global anormal 34% (IC95% 23, 45; I2 90%), disfunção sistólica do ventrículo direito (VD) 17% (IC95% 13, 21; I2 90%), derrame pericárdico 17% (IC95%: 9, 26; I2 97%), e hipertensão pulmonar 23% (IC95%: 15, 33, I2 96%). Disfunção sistólica do VE foi diretamente associada com prevalência de ecocardiograma anormal prévio nos estudos (p<0,001). A proporção de pacientes em ventilação mecânica, indicando gravidade da doença, não explicou a heterogeneidade nas proporções de disfunção do VE (p=0,37). Conclusão Entre os pacientes internados com Covid-19, a disfunção ventricular esquerda foi descrita em um quarto dos pacientes, com menores proporções de disfunção do ventrículo direito, derrame pericárdico e hipertensão pulmonar. No entanto, houve uma proporção mais alta de disfunção do VE nos estudos que relataram presença de doença cardíaca prévia, sugerindo que a disfunção cardíaca era predominantemente pré-existente.

Abstract Background Coronavirus disease 2019 (Covid-19) can lead to severe respiratory distress and acute cardiac injury, but it is unclear how often it can cause cardiac dysfunction. Objective In this systematic review, we aimed to summarize the main echocardiographic findings in patients with Covid-19. Methods We systematically searched in PUBMED, EMBASE, LILACS and Cochrane databases, in addition MedRxiv and Scielo preprints from inception to July 21st, 2021. Studies reporting echocardiographic data in patients with Covid-19 were included. Demographic characteristics, previous cardiovascular disease (CVD), and echocardiographic findings were extracted. We performed a meta-analysis of proportions to estimate the main echocardiographic findings. The level of significance was p < 0.05. Results From 11,233 studies, 38 fulfilled inclusion criteria and were included in the meta-analysis. The estimated proportions of left ventricular (LV) systolic dysfunction were 25% (95%CI: 19, 31; I293%), abnormal global longitudinal strain 34% (95% CI 23, 45; I290%), righ ventricular (RV) systolic dysfunction 17% (95%CI 13, 21; I290%), pericardial effusion 17% (95%CI: 9, 26; I297%), and pulmonary hypertension 23% (95%CI: 15, 33, I2 96%). LV systolic dysfunction was directly associated with study-specific prevalence of previous abnormal echocardiogram (p<0.001). The proportion of patients in mechanical ventilation, indicating severity of disease, did not explain the heterogeneity in the proportions of LV dysfunction (p=0.37). Conclusion Among hospitalized patients with Covid-19, LV dysfunction has been reported in one quarter, with smaller proportions of right ventricular dysfunction, pericardial effusion and pulmonary hypertension. However, there was a higher proportion of LV dysfunction among studies reporting the presence of prior heart disease, which suggests that cardiac dysfunction was mostly pre-existing.

Cross-cultural adaptation and psychometric evaluation of the Brazilian version of the Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS-Br)

Abstract Introduction: Anhedonia is a critical symptom of major depressive disorder that is defined as the reduced ability to experience pleasure. The Temporal Experience of Pleasure Scale (TEPS) is commonly used to measure anhedonia and has exhibited satisfactory reliability. Objectives: We aim to perform cross-cultural adaptation of a Brazilian version of the TEPS and evaluate its psychometric properties. Method: The cross-cultural adaptation was performed according to previously established protocols. Cronbach's alpha coefficient of internal consistency was used to establish the degree of interrelation and coherence of items. Also, we calculated the intraclass correlation coefficient to determine the stability of the scale after a proposed interval had elapsed and used exploratory factor analysis to evaluate the scale's factor structure and content validity. Principal component analysis was used to determine the factors to be retained in the factor model. Results: The participants reported that the Brazilian version of the TEPS had good comprehensibility and applicability. The results revealed a statistically significant correlation between measures. The intraclass correlation coefficient calculated was significant. The Cronbach's alpha value calculated indicated that the scale's overall internal consistency was adequate. Conclusion: The Portuguese version of the TEPS scale proposed achieved good comprehensibility for the Brazilian population and its psychometric characteristics demonstrated good reliability and validity.

Standardization of an experimental model of intradural injection after spinal cord injury in rats

OBJECTIVES: The intrathecal route has not yet been thoroughly standardized and evaluated in an experimental model of spinal cord injury (SCI) in Wistar rats. The objective of this study was to standardize and evaluate the effect of intradural injection in this animal model. METHOD: The animals were divided into 6 groups: 1) laminectomy and intradural catheter; 2) laminectomy, intradural catheter and infusion; 3) only SCI; 4) SCI and intradural catheter; 5) SCI, intradural catheter and infusion; and 6) control (laminectomy only). Motor evaluations were performed using the Basso, Beattie and Bresnahan (BBB) scale and the horizontal ladder test; motor evoked potentials were measured for functional evaluation, and histological evaluation was performed as well. All experimental data underwent statistical analysis. RESULTS: Regarding motor evoked potentials, the groups with experimental SCI had worse results than those without, but neither dural puncture nor the injection of intrathecal solution aggravated the effects of isolated SCI. Regarding histology, adverse tissue effects were observed in animals with SCI. On average, the BBB scores had the same statistical behaviour as the horizontal ladder results, and at every evaluated timepoint, the groups without SCI presented scored significantly better than those with SCI (p<0.05). The difference in performance on motor tests between rats with and without experimental SCI persisted from the first to the last test. CONCLUSIONS: The present work standardizes the model of intradural injection in experimental SCI in rats. Intrathecal puncture and injection did not independently cause significant functional or histological changes.

Relationship between forage neutral detergent fiber and non-fibrous carbohydrates on ruminal fermentation products and neutral detergent fiber digestibility in goats / Relación entre la fibra detergente neutra del forraje y los carbohidratos no fibrosos sobre los productos de la fermentación ruminal y digestibilidad de la fibra detergente neutra en cabras / Efeito da relação da fibra em detergente neutro advindo de forragem e carboidratos não fibrosos sobre os produtos da fermentação ruminal e digestibilidade da fibra em detergente neutro em caprinos

Abstract Background: There is a comprehensive understanding of the role of dietary fiber as a nutrient and its function during digestion in cattle. On the other hand, the role of fiber digestion in goats has not received similar attention. Objective: To evaluate the effects of different ratios of forage neutral detergent fiber (fNDF) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) on ruminal fermentation products, and in vitro neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility in goats. Methods: A 3 × 5 factorial arrangement in a completely randomized design with three fNDF levels (100, 190, and 290 g/kg) and five NFC levels (350, 400, 450, 500, and 550 g/kg) was used. The experiment was performed in vitro. Two ruminally fistulated goats were used as rumen liquid donors. Results: The ratios between fNDF and NFC affected all ruminal parameters (p<0.05). Increasing NFC levels in diets containing 100 and 290 g/kg fNDF resulted in linear increase (p<0.05) in ammonia concentration after 48 h fermentation. There was no adjustment of linear models (p>0.05) for pH values. Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) and their individual molar proportions were affected (p<0.05) at all fNDF and NFC levels. The NDF digestibility was not affected (p>0.05) by fNDF or NFC levels, except for diets containing 290 g/kg fNDF, which were fit to a quadratic model (p<0.05). Conclusion: The relationship between fNDF and NFC concentrations affect the fermentation end products and in vitro NDF digestibility. NFC plays a more consistent role than fNDF in the ruminal microbial ecosystem of goats during in vitro fermentation.

Resumen Antecedentes: Aunque hay una amplia comprensión del papel que juega la fibra dietética como nutriente y su función durante la digestión en el ganado vacuno, el papel de la digestión de la fibra en las cabras no ha recibido una atención similar. Objetivo: Evaluar los efectos de diferentes proporciones de fibra detergente neutra proveniente del forraje (fNDF) y carbohidratos no fibrosos (NFC) sobre los productos de la fermentación ruminal y la digestibilidad in vitro de la fibra detergente neutra (NDF) en cabras. Métodos: Se utilizó un arreglo factorial de 3 × 5, distribuidos en un diseño completamente aleatorizado con tres niveles de fNDF (100, 190 y 290 g/kg) y cinco niveles de NFC (350, 400, 450, 500 y 550 g/kg). El experimento se realizó in vitro. Se utilizaron dos cabras fistuladas en rumen como donantes de líquido ruminal. Resultados: La relacion entre fNDF y NFC afectó todos los parámetros ruminales estudiados (p<0,05). El aumento de los niveles de NFC en dietas con 100 y 290 g/kg de fNDF resultó en aumento lineal (p<0,05) de la concentración de amoníaco después de 48 h de fermentación. No hubo ajuste de modelos lineales (p>0,05) para valores de pH. Los ácidos grasos volátiles totales y sus proporciones molares individuales se afectaron (p<0,05) en todos los niveles de fNDF y NFC. La digestibilidad de NDF no fue afectada (p>0,05) por los niveles de fNDF ni NFC, con excepción de las dietas con 290 g/kg fNDF, que se ajustaron a un modelo cuadrático (p<0,05). Conclusión: La relación entre las concentraciones de fNDF y NFC afecta los productos finales de fermentación y la digestibilidad in vitro de NDF. Los niveles de NFC juegan un papel más consistente que fNDF en el ecosistema microbiano ruminal de la cabra durante la fermentación in vitro.

Resumo Antecedentes: Embora exista um compreensível entendimento do papel que a fibra dietética desempenha como nutriente e sua função durante a digestão em bovinos, o papel da digestão das fibras em caprinos não recebeu atenção semelhante. Objetivo: Avaliar os efeitos de diferentes relações da fibra em detergente neutro advindo de forragem (fNDF) e carboidratos não-fibrosos (NFC) sobre produtos da fermentação ruminal e digestibilidade in vitro da fibra em detergente neutro (NDF) em caprinos. Métodos: Utilizou-se um esquema fatorial de 3 × 5 distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três níveis de fNDF (100, 190 e 290 g/kg) e cinco níveis de NFC (350, 400, 450, 500 e 550 g/kg). O experimento foi realizado in vitro. Duas cabras fistuladas no rúmen foram utilizadas como doadoras de líquido ruminal. Resultados: As relações entre fNDF e NFC impactaram todos os parâmetros ruminais estudados (p<0,05). O aumento dos níveis de NFC em dietas contendo 100 e 290 g/kg de fNDF resultou em um aumento linear (p<0,05) na concentração de amônia após 48 h de fermentação. Não houve ajuste de modelos lineares (p>0,05) para valores de pH. Os ácidos graxos voláteis totais e suas proporções molares individuais foram afetados (p<0,05) em todos os níveis de fNDF e NFC. A digestibilidade NDF não foi afetada (p>0,05) pelos níveis de fNDF e NFC, com exceção de dietas experimentais contendo 290 g/kg fNDF, que foram ajustadas a um modelo quadrático (p<0,05). Conclusão: A relação entre as concentrações de fNDF e NFC afeta os produtos finais de fermentação e a digestibilidade in vitro de NDF de dietas experimentais. Os níveis de NFC desempenham um papel mais consistente do que o fNDF no ecossistema microbiano ruminal de cabras durante a fermentação in vitro.

Evaluation of the Heat and Energy Performance of a Datacenter Using a New Efficiency Index: Energy Usage Effectiveness Design - EUED

Abstract Data Centers are growing steadily worldwide, and they are expected to continue growing up to 53% in 2020. Energy efficiency, in high power consumption, is a key venue. There are methodologies to measure this efficiency, one example is using the PUE (Power Usage Effectiveness) index. In this paper is proposed a new index for measuring efficiency at the design stage, the EUED (Energy Usage Effectiveness Design). This index allows to evaluate systems using "free cooling" and adiabatic system. A comparison is performed considering the equipment in the worst situation. The thermodynamics parameter enthalpy is used to calculate the results. This new methodology allows to determine differences between the cities of São Paulo and Curitiba (1.21%) and between Rio de Janeiro and Curitiba (10.61%). The values for the EUED index were 1.245 kW/kW for Curitiba, 1.260 kW/kW for São Paulo and 1.377 kW/kW for Rio de Janeiro, respectively, reaching a difference of 16.86% for Curitiba, 16.19% for São Paulo and 10.31% for Rio de Janeiro in relation to PUE COA (Power Usage Effectiveness Constant Outdoor Air). The advantage of the EUED is that it works with the 8,760 hours in the design phase, using psychometric elements to determine when to use free cooling and evaporative system, and more importantly varying the COP according to environmental characteristics.

Cetacean movements in coastal waters of the southwestern Atlantic ocean / Movimentos de cetáceos pelas águas costeiras do sudoeste do oceano Atlântico

Abstract: Cetaceans were monitored along ca. 700 km of the southeast coast of Brazil (22°S to 25°S) from 1995 to 2014 using photo-identification. The objective of this study was to identify any presence of long-distance movements for monitored cetacean species and discuss implications. Data on long-range movements of four of the monitored species are presented after the analysis of 321,765 photographs taken for individual identification. Seven individuals from four populations of Guiana dolphins (Sotalia guianensis) considered resident to particular estuaries or bays were reported in dispersal involving movement between pairs of protected areas over long-range distances varying between 86 and 135 km. Three cataloged rough-toothed dolphins (Steno bredanensis), first seen in Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro state (22°46'S) in November 2011, were sighted 240 km southwards as members of the same group in coastal waters of São Paulo state (23°46'S) in July 2014. Water depth for those sightings ranged from 16 to 52.7 m; local sightings of rough-toothed dolphins in Brazil have frequently been in shallow waters, but the species global distribution is usually associated with deeper waters. In a 27-day interval in the spring of 2012, a group of 16 orcas (Orcinus orca) travelled ca. 277 km in shallow coastal waters ranging from 20 to 30 m deep. Orcas are commonly observed between November and February in southeast Brazil, probably in search for prey. In summer months between 2012 and 2014, three Bryde's whales (Balaenoptera edeni) sighted in waters ranging from 14 to 49 m deep, moved between 218 and 327 km. Bryde's whales are usually found in local coastal waters where they spend summer months feeding on sardines. To date, these are the longest estimated movements reported to S. guianensis, S. bredanensis, O. orca and B. edeni in the Southwestern Atlantic Ocean.

Resumo: Cetáceos foram monitorados em cerca de 700 km da costa sudeste do Brasil (22°S a 25°S) entre 1995 e 2014 com o uso da fotoidentificação. O objetivo deste estudo foi de identificar quaisquer presenças de movimentos de longa distância de indivíduos das espécies monitoradas e discutir suas implicações. Dados de movimentos de longa distância de quatro das espécies monitoradas são apresentados após a análise de 321.765 fotos obtidas para identificações individuais. Sete indivíduos de quatro populações de boto-cinza (Sotalia guianensis) consideradas residentes a estuários e baías particulares foram reportados em movimentos de dispersão envolvendo pares de áreas protegidas em distâncias que variaram entre 86 e 135 km. Três golfinhos-de-dentes-rugosos (Steno bredanensis) catalogados e avistados primeiramente na Baía de Guanabara, Rio de Janeiro (22°46'S), em novembro de 2011, foram avistados 240 km mais ao sul como membros de um mesmo grupo nas águas costeiras do Estado de São Paulo (23°46'S) em julho de 2014. A profundidade da água onde essas avistagens aconteceram variou entre 16 e 52,7 m; avistagens de golfinhos-de-dentes-rugosos têm sido efetuadas em águas rasas na costa sudeste do Brasil, embora a distribuição global da espécie esteja associada a águas profundas. Em um intervalo de 27 dias na primavera de 2012, um grupo de 16 orcas (Orcinus orca) se desclocou cerca de 277 km em águas rasas variando entre 20 e 30 m. Orcas são comumente avistadas entre novembro e fevereiro no sudeste do Brasil, possivelmente em busca de presas. Nos meses de verão entre 2012 e 2014, três baleias-de-Bryde (Balaenoptera edeni) avistadas em águas de 14 a 49 m de profundidade, moveram-se entre 218 e 327 km. baleias-de-Bryde são encontradas em águas costeiras locais onde passam os meses de verão se alimentando de sardinhas. Até o presente momento, esses são os deslocamentos estimados como os de maiores distâncias observados para S. guianensis, S. bredanensis, O. orca and B. edeni no Atlântico Sudoeste.

Ecological drivers of plant genetic diversity at the southern edge of geographical distributions: Forestal vines in a temperate region

Abstract The Tropical Niche Conservatism hypothesis is one of the most relevant theories to explain why tropical diversity is high, although the mechanisms underlying this hypothesis require further clarification. A possible research avenue to address the underlying mechanisms includes determining population-level processes associated with such a hypothesis, in particular by trying to identify how adaptation may occur in extreme niche conditions at the edges of species ranges. However, the determinants of molecular diversity at the edges of geographical distributions of tropical taxa are still poorly known. Here we assessed which environmental variables determine diversity in nuclear and plastid genetic markers for populations of four Passiflora species in the southern limit of their geographical distributions. Climatic factors can drive genetic diversity, and their importance varies according to the marker. The primary predictors are variables representing higher temperatures during cold periods of the year and higher precipitation during dry periods. We concluded that, although these species are present in colder areas at the edge of their range, Tropical Niche Conservatism acts as a restraining force on genetic diversity in southern populations of Passiflora.

Lessons and perspectives for applications of stochastic models in biological and cancer research

The effects of randomness, an unavoidable feature of intracellular environments, are observed at higher hierarchical levels of living matter organization, such as cells, tissues, and organisms. Additionally, the many compounds interacting as a well-orchestrated network of reactions increase the difficulties of assessing these systems using only experiments. This limitation indicates that elucidation of the dynamics of biological systems is a complex task that will benefit from the establishment of principles to help describe, categorize, and predict the behavior of these systems. The theoretical machinery already available, or ones to be discovered to help solve biological problems, might play an important role in these processes. Here, we demonstrate the application of theoretical tools by discussing some biological problems that we have approached mathematically: fluctuations in gene expression and cell proliferation in the context of loss of contact inhibition. We discuss the methods that have been employed to provide the reader with a biologically motivated phenomenological perspective of the use of theoretical methods. Finally, we end this review with a discussion of new research perspectives motivated by our results.

Description of training loads using whole-body exercise during high-intensity interval training

OBJECTIVES: To describe external training load and internal training load through sets of a single session of high-intensity interval training (HIIT) body work. METHODS: Twenty male individuals (24±3 years) performed a HIIT body work protocol consisting of a single bout of exercise with 1:1 stimuli. The exercises used were 30 min in duration with "all-out" intensity. The exercises included jumping jacks, mountain climbers, burpees and squat jumps, totaling 20 min of exercise. During exercise, total movement capacity, blood lactate measurement, ratings of perceived exertion and recovery, training load and intensity were monitored. RESULTS: The single bout examined showed a total of 382±89 movements. Differences (p<0.01) in the total amount of movement for each exercise were noted, reflecting the difficulty of maintaining exercise over time. Increases in lactate concentrations (before: 0.98±0.16, after: 14.10±1.66; mmol/L) were found postexercise. Significant differences (p<0.01) were found after the fifth set, and the values for movement capacity remained higher than the values of the first set, demonstrating high load in a single session. No differences in ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) during the sets were found. However, the ratings of perceived recuperation from the second set were significantly (p<0.01) lower than those from the first set. CONCLUSIONS: The exercise protocol used in this study was of high intensity and produced large values for stress during performance, with increases recorded for the internal load indicators.

The prostate after castration and hormone replacement in a rat model: structural and ultrastructural analysis

ABSTRACT Purpose: To evaluate if late hormonal replacement is able to recover the prostatic tissue modified by androgenic deprivation. Materials and Methods: 24 rats were assigned into a Sham group; an androgen deficient group, submitted to bilateral orchiectomy (Orch); and a group submitted to bilateral orchiectomy followed by testosterone replacement therapy (Orch+T). After 60 days from surgery blood was collected for determination of testosterone levels and the ventral prostate was collected for quantitative and qualitative microscopic analysis. The acinar epithelium height, the number of mast cells per field, and the densities of collagen fibers and acinar lumen were analyzed by stereological methods under light microscopy. The muscle fibers and types of collagen fibers were qualitatively assessed by scanning electron microscopy and polarization microscopy. Results: Hormone depletion (in group Orch) and return to normal levels (in group Orch+T) were effective as verified by serum testosterone analysis. The androgen deprivation promoted several alterations in the prostate: the acinar epithelium height diminished from 16.58±0.47 to 11.48±0.29μm; the number of mast cells per field presented increased from 0.45±0.07 to 2.83±0.25; collagen fibers density increased from 5.83±0.92 to 24.70±1.56%; and acinar lumen density decreased from 36.78±2.14 to 16.47±1.31%. Smooth muscle was also increased in Orch animals, and type I collagen fibers became more predominant in these animals. With the exception of the densities of collagen fibers and acinar lumen, in animals receiving testosterone replacement therapy all parameters became statistically similar to Sham. Collagen fibers density became lower and acinar lumen density became higher in Orch+T animals, when compared to Sham. This is the first study to demonstrate a relation between mast cells and testosterone levels in the prostate. This cells have been implicated in prostatic cancer and benign hyperplasia, although its specific role is not understood. Conclusion: Testosterone deprivation promotes major changes in the prostate of rats. The hormonal replacement therapy was effective in reversing these alterations.

Angiosarcoma of small intestine: case report and literature review / Angiossarcoma de intestino delgado: relato de caso e revisão da literatura

ABSTRACT Introduction: Angiosarcomas are rare pathologies, and their appearance in the small intestine is extremely unusual. Case report: Female patient presenting vomiting, colic, abdominal distension and peritoneal irritation. An exploratory laparotomy and an enterectomy were performed. Histopathology revealed vascular neoplasm; immunohistochemistry, markers CD31, p53 and cell proliferation antigen Ki-67. The patient developed diffuse sarcomatosis and died two months after the onset of symptoms. Conclusion: This case demonstrates the difficulty in early diagnosing this pathology, due to its nonspecific clinical presentation. The disease aggressiveness, its unestablished predisposing factors and the controversy around the adequate treatment engender the poor prognosis.

RESUMO Introdução: Angiossarcomas são patologias raras, e o aparecimento deles no intestino delgado é extremamente incomum. Relato de caso: Paciente do sexo feminino apresentando vômitos, cólica, distensão abdominal e irritação peritoneal. Foram realizadas laparotomia exploratória e enterectomia, evidenciando-se neoplasia vascular ao anatomopatológico e marcadores CD31, p53 e antígeno de proliferação celular Ki-67 à imuno-histoquímica. A paciente evoluiu com sarcomatose difusa e faleceu dois meses após o início dos sintomas. Conclusão: Demonstra-se a dificuldade em diagnosticar precocemente essa patologia devido à sua clínica inespecífica. A agressividade da doença, seus fatores predisponentes indeterminados e a controvérsia referente ao tratamento adequado suscitam seu péssimo prognóstico.

Efeitos do bionator de balters na maxila de pacientes classe II nos diferentes tipos faciais / Balters bionator effects on the maxillae of class II patients on the different facial types

O objetivo desse estudo retrospectivo foi avaliar os efeitos esqueléticos do Bionator de Balters na maxila em pacientes portadores de maloclusão Classe II, divisão 1 de Angle nos diferentes tipos faciais. Foram obtidas radiografias em norma lateral de 60 pacientes divididos por tipo facial (sendo 15 pacientes dolicofaciais, 27 pacientes braquifaciais e 18 pacientes mesofaciais assim classificados, utilizando-se o índice VERT de Ricketts). Os pacientes com idades entre 7 a 12 anos foram tratados por um mesmo ortodontista com mais de 20 anos de experiência por um período médio de 26 meses. Um grupo de 15 pacientes portadores de maloclusão Classe II divisão 1, não tratados com idades entre 8 e 12 anos foi acompanhado por um ano e utilizado como grupo controle. Foram analisadas as medidas do ângulo Ba-Na-A, para avaliar a posição sagital da maxila, e do ângulo S-Na-PP, para avaliar a rotação da maxila. Nenhuma das medidas teve alteração clinicamente significante e também não houve diferenças significantes entre os grupos estudados. Baseado nesses resultados, conclui-se que o Bionator de Balters utilizado no tratamento da maloclusão Classe II de Angle não afeta a posição e inclinação da maxila durante o tratamento deste tipo de maloclusão.

The aim of this retrospective investigation was to evaluate the skeletal effects of the Balters Bionator on the maxillae of patients with Class II-1 malocclusion in the various facial types. Lateral radiographs of 60 patients classified according to the facial type (15 dolichofacial, 27 brachifacial and 18 mesofacial, according to Ricketts VERT index). The patients age ranged from 7 to 12 years and were treated by the same clinician who had more than 20 years of experience for a mean period of 26 months. A group of 15 patients with Class II malocclusion untreated and with age ranging from 8 to 12 years was observed for a year to be used as a control group. The angle Ba-Na-A was used for the evaluation of the sagittal position of the maxillae and the angle S-Na-PP, for the rotation. None of the measurements had any clinically significant change, and there were no statistically significant differences between the studied. Based on these results, it is concluded that the Balters Bionator used on the treatment of the Class II Angle malocclusion, does not affect the position and inclination of the maxillae during the treatment of this type of malocclusion.

Avaliação de estrutura e processo na atenção em Diabetes mellitus / Evaluation of structure and process in care in Diabetes mellitus

Avaliar a atenção à saúde aos pacientes com Diabetes mellitus tipo 2 a partir dos recursos humanos, registros de profissionais e de atividades técnicas em um Centro de Saúde Escola. Metodologia: Estudo avaliativo quantitativo, descritivo por meio de observação e análise de 150 pacientes com DM em um Centro de Saúde Escola no interior paulista. Resultados: A estrutura física segue a maioria das exigências da Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária, os recursos materiais atendem as necessidades em relação às quantidades e qualidade. Em 145 (96.6%) prontuários haviam registros médicos oque aponta a organização do trabalho centrada no modelo biomédico. O registro das medidas antropométricas foi considerado baixo, sendo que em apenas 4 (2.6%) havia a medida da circunferência abdominal.Apenas 5 (3.3%) dos pacientes tiveram consulta com o enfermeiro. Essas consultas foram pontuais enfatizando orientações sobre uso dos medicamentos e aparentemente não se constitui em rotina no serviço. Conclusão: Considerou-se a estrutura do serviço como apropriada, no entanto o processo é um fator a ser revisto pela equipe de saúde...

Evaluate health care to patients with Diabetes mellitus type 2 by means of human resources, records of professional and technical activities in a School Health Center. Methodology: A quantitative, descriptive evaluative study through observation and analysis of 150 patients with DM at a School Health Center in São Paulo. Results: The physical structure follows most of the requirements of the National Health Surveillance Agency; the material resources cater the needs in the quantities and quality. The medical records 145 (96.6%) indicates that work organization was focused on the biomedical model. The registration of anthropometric measures was considered low, and in only 4 (2.6%) hadthe measure of waist circumference. Only 5 (3.3%) patients had consultation with the nurse. These consultations were punctual and highlighting specific guidelines on use of medications and there seems to be not in the service routine. Conclusion: We considered the structure of the service as appropriatebut the process is a factor to be reviewed by the health team...

Preterm children have unfavorable motor, cognitive, and functional performance when compared to term children of preschool age / Crianças pré-termo apresentam desempenho motor, cognitivo e funcional desfavorável em relação a neonatos a termo em idade pré-escolar

OBJECTIVE: to compare the motor coordination, cognitive, and functional development of preterm and term children at the age of 4 years. METHODS: this was a cross-sectional study of 124 four-year-old children, distributed in two different groups, according to gestational age and birth weight, paired by gender, age, and socioeconomic level. All children were evaluated by the Movement Assessment Battery for Children - second edition (MABC-2), the Pediatric Evaluation of Disability Inventory (PEDI), and the Columbia Mental Maturity Scale (CMMS). RESULTS: preterm children had worse performance in all tests, and 29.1% of the preterm and 6.5% of term groups had scores on the MABC-2 indicative of motor coordination disorder (p = 0.002). In the CMMS (p = 0.034), the median of the standardized score for the preterm group was 99.0 (± 13.75) and 103.0 (± 12.25) for the term group; on the PEDI, preterm children showed more limited skill repertoire (p = 0.001) and required more assistance from the caregiver (p = 0.010) than term children. CONCLUSION: this study reinforced the evidence that preterm children from different socioeconomic backgrounds are more likely to have motor, cognitive, and functional development impairment, detectable before school age, than their term peers. .

OBJETIVO: comparar o desenvolvimento da coordenação motora, o desenvolvimento cognitivo e o desempenho funcional de crianças nascidas pré-termo e a termo, aos quatro anos de idade. MÉTODOS: estudo transversal com 124 crianças de quatro anos de idade, distribuídas em dois grupos distintos, de acordo com a idade gestacional e peso ao nascimento, pareadas com relação ao sexo, idade e nível socioeconômico. Todas as crianças foram avaliadas pelos testes Movement Assessment Battery for Children - Second Edition (MABC-2), Inventário de Avaliação Pediátrica de Incapacidade (PEDI) e Escala de Maturidade Mental Colúmbia (EMMC). RESULTADOS: as crianças pré-termo tiveram pior desempenho em todos os testes, sendo que 29,1% das crianças do grupo pré-termo e 6,5% do grupo a termo apresentaram pontuação no MABC-2 indicativa de sinais de transtorno da coordenação motora (p = 0,002). No Columbia (p = 0,034), a mediana do resultado padronizado para o grupo pré-termo foi de 99,0 (±13,75), e do grupo a termo foi 103,0 (±12,25); no PEDI, crianças pré-termo tiveram menor repertório de habilidades (p = 0,001) e necessitaram de maior assistência do cuidador (p = 0,010) do que as crianças a termo. CONCLUSÃO: este estudo reforça as evidências de que crianças pré-termo, de diferentes níveis socioeconômicos, são mais propensas a apresentarem alterações no desenvolvimento motor, cognitivo e funcional, detectáveis antes da idade escolar, que seus pares nascidos a termo. .

Determinantes da organização da atenção em diabetes mellitus mellitusna satisfação do usuário / Determinants of the organization of diabetes mellitus care in usersatisfaction

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar os determinantes da satisfação do usuário com Diabetes Mellitus (DM) sobre o atendimento no ambulatório de especialidades de um Centro de Saúde Escola. O estudo transversal com abordagem qualitativa foi desenvolvido no ambulatório de especialidades com 20 usuários com diagnóstico de DM. Foram aplicadas entrevistas semiestruturadas por meio de um roteiro norteador. Utilizou-se software Atlas ti 7.0 para auxílio na codificação das falas e técnica de Análise de Conteúdo para análise dos dados. Como resultado, observou-se que os temas mais evidenciados estão relacionados à acessibilidade organizacional e à relação entre usuário, equipe e serviço na perspectiva da longitudinalidade. Observou-se a identificação do ambulatório de especialidade como fonte regular de cuidado e a insatisfação no que se refere à acessibilidade ao serviço...

The objective of the study was analyze user satisfaction determinants of patients with Diabetes Mellitus (DM) regarding the outpatient clinic specialties at the Health Centre of the School. Qualitative crosssectional study was carried out in outpatient specialty with 20 users with diagnosis of DM. We adopted the method of semi-structured interview using a scripting guide. We used Atlas it software 7.0 to aid in the decoding of speech, and analyzed it by content analysis. The empirical material encoded enabled to observe that the most evident themes are related to organizational accessibility and the relationship between user and service staff in perspective of longitudinality. It was observed the outpatient identifying clinic specialties as a regular source of care and dissatisfaction with regard to service accessibility...

Forest biomass variation in Southernmost Brazil: the impact of Araucaria trees / Variación de la biomasa forestal en el sur de Brasil: impacto de los árboles de Araucaria

A variety of environmental and biotic factors determine vegetation growth and affect plant biomass accumulation. From temperature to species composition, aboveground biomass storage in forest ecosystems is influenced by a number of variables and usually presents a high spatial variability. With this focus, the aim of the study was to evaluate the variables affecting live aboveground forest biomass (AGB) in Subtropical Moist Forests of Southern Brazil, and to analyze the spatial distribution of biomass estimates. Data from a forest inventory performed in the State of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil, was used in the present study. Thirty-eight 1-ha plots were sampled and all trees with DBH ≥9.5cm were included for biomass estimation. Values for aboveground biomass were obtained using published allometric equations. Environmental and biotic variables (elevation, rainfall, temperature, soils, stem density and species diversity) were obtained from the literature or calculated from the dataset. For the total dataset, mean AGB was 195.2Mg/ha. Estimates differed between Broadleaf and Mixed Coniferous-Broadleaf forests: mean AGB was lower in Broadleaf Forests (AGB BF=118.9Mg/ha) when compared to Mixed Forests (AGB MF=250.3Mg/ha). There was a high spatial and local variability in our dataset, even within forest types. This condition is normal in tropical forests and is usually attributed to the presence of large trees. The explanatory multiple regressions were influenced mainly by elevation and explained 50.7% of the variation in AGB. Stem density, diversity and organic matter also influenced biomass variation. The results from our study showed a positive relationship between aboveground biomass and elevation. Therefore, higher values of AGB are located at higher elevations and subjected to cooler temperaturas and wetter climate. There seems to be an important contribution of the coniferous species Araucaria angustifolia in Mixed Forest plots, as it presented significantly higher biomass than angiosperm species. In Brazil, this endangered species is part of a high diversity forest (Araucaria Forest) and has the potential for biomass storage. The results of the present study show the spatial and local variability in aboveground biomass in subtropical forests and highlight the importance of these ecosystems in global carbon stock, stimulating the improvement of future biomass estimates. Rev. Biol. Trop. 62 (1): 359-372. Epub 2014 March 01.

Una variedad de factores ambientales y bióticos determinan el crecimiento de la vegetación y afectan la acumulación de biomasa vegetal. Desde la temperatura hasta la composición de especies, en los ecosistemas forestales el almacenamiento de la biomasa aérea se ve influenciada por una serie de variables, razón por la cual generalmente presenta una alta variabilidad espacial. De acuerdo a esto, el objetivo del estudio es analizar las variables que afectan la biomasa área (en Inglés, aboveground forest biomass - AGB) en los bosques húmedos subtropicales del sur de Brasil y analizar su distribución espacial. Para el estudio se utilizaron los datos de un inventario forestal realizado en el estado de Rio Grande del Sur, sur de Brasil. Se evaluaron bosques de hoja ancha (Broadleaf forests) y bosques mixtos de hoja ancha y coníferas (Mixed Coniferous-Broadleaf forests). Además, se tomaron muestras de 38 parcelas de 1 ha y para la estimación de la biomasa se incluyeron todos los árboles con DAP ≥9.5cm. Los valores para la biomasa aérea se obtuvieron con ecuaciones alométricas publicadas. Las variables ambientales y bióticas (altitud, precipitación, temperatura, suelo, densidad de los troncos y diversidad de especies) se obtuvieron de la literatura o se han calculado a partir del conjunto de datos. Para el conjunto de datos, el AGB medio fue 195.2Mg/ha. Las estimaciones difieren entre los bosques de hoja ancha y los bosques mixtos de hoja ancha y coníferas: el AGB promedio fue menor en los bosques de hoja ancha (AGB BF=118.9Mg/ha) en comparación con los bosques mixtos (AGB MF=250.3Mg/ha). Hubo una alta variabilidad espacial y local en la base de datos, incluso dentro de los tipos de bosques. Esta condición es normal en los bosques tropicales y por lo general se atribuye a la presencia de grandes árboles. La regresión múltiple fue influenciada principalmente por la altitud y explicó 50.7% de la variación en AGB. La densidad, diversidad y materia orgánica también influyeron en la variación de biomasa. Los resultados mostraron una relación positiva entre la biomasa sobre el suelo y la altitud. Por lo tanto, los valores más altos de AGB se encuentran en altitudes mayores y se someten a temperaturas más bajas y un clima más húmedo. Parece que hay una importante contribución de las coníferas Araucaria angustifolia en las parcelas de bosques mixto, ya que tienen una biomasa significativamente mayor que las especies de angiospermas. En Brasil, esta especie en peligro de extinción es parte de un bosque de gran diversidad (Bosque de Araucaria) y tiene el potencial de almacenamiento de la biomasa. Los resultados del presente estudio muestran la variabilidad espacial y local de la biomasa aérea en los bosques subtropicales, destacan la importancia de estos ecosistemas en el almacenamiento global del carbono, y estimulan la mejora de futuras estimaciones de biomasa.