Guillain-Barré syndrome: a review of immunotherapy, rehabilitation, and long-term outcomes

Guillain-Barré syndrome (GBS) is a complex autoimmune disorder characterized by the rapid onset of motor weakness and sensory disturbances, often precipitated by preceding infections. GBS is considered a rare disorder, with an estimated annual incidence ranging from 0.6 to 4.0 cases per 100,000 individuals. It constitutes a medical emergency due to its potential for severe disability or mortality. The hallmark clinical features of GBS include progressive symmetric muscle weakness and sensory disturbances. Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation, cerebrospinal fluid analysis, and electrodiagnostic studies, with the Brighton criteria providing standardized diagnostic criteria. The hallmark clinical features include progressive symmetric muscle weakness, sensory deficits, and areflexia or hyporeflexia. The management of GBS primarily involves supportive care and immunomodulatory therapies. Plasmapheresis, or plasma exchange, and intravenous immunoglobulin (IVIG) are the mainstay treatments aimed at modulating the immune response and shortening the illness duration. Rehabilitation, encompassing physical and occupational therapy, is pivotal for restoring functionality and improving long-term outcomes.

The role of MRI in assessing cognitive impairment changes

Aging brings about various changes in the brain, leading to cognitive alterations that are increasingly relevant with extended life expectancy. Dementia, characterized by chronic cognitive impairment, is on the rise due to longer life expectancy, imposing a substantial burden on healthcare systems. Dementia encompasses conditions like Alzheimer's disease (AD), vascular dementia (VaD), Lewy body dementia (LBD), and frontotemporal dementia, each with its distinct symptoms and progression. Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), especially 3T MRI, plays a crucial role in monitoring and diagnosing dementia, aiding in patient selection for emerging therapies. Study involves a comprehensive literature search without restrictions on date, language, age/publication type. Dementia can be divided into neurodegenerative and nondegenerative categories, with AD being the most prevalent. Diagnosis relies on clinical evaluation, supported by neuroimaging techniques like MRI. Various MRI findings, such as cerebral atrophy, microbleeds, white matter hyperintensities, lacunes, and strategic infarcts, offer insights into dementia-related brain changes. These findings facilitate early diagnosis, prognosis, and treatment monitoring, with standardized assessment tools and volumetric analysis enhancing diagnostic accuracy. As life expectancy continues to rise, MRI's role in assessing cognitive impairment changes becomes increasingly vital in addressing the growing challenge of dementia.

Awareness and knowledge of endo-perio lesions among fifth year students and interns at King Saud Dental College: a questionnaire-based study

Background: This study aims to assess the diagnostic knowledge and understanding of endo-perio lesions among senior dental students and interns enrolled at King Saud College of Dentistry. Methods: A cross-sectional questionnaire-based study was conducted using Google Forms. The questionnaire included two radiographic case images and assessed participants' experience with endo-perio lesions, confidence in diagnosis, and familiarity with treatment approaches. The study included 200 participants, consisting of 140 interns and 60 5th-year students. Results: The majority of participants (61%) reported encountering endo-perio lesions in their clinics. Among the participants, 50% expressed confidence in diagnosing these lesions. Intern students demonstrated higher knowledge and awareness of endo-perio lesions compared to 5th-year students. Statistically significant differences were observed in the awareness of endo-perio lesions and confidence in diagnosis between the two groups. However, both groups showed room for improvement in their diagnostic and treatment capabilities. Conclusions: The findings indicate a need for enhanced education and training in this area, particularly for 5th-year students. Incorporating comprehensive theoretical education, clinical case management, and continuing education courses may help improve students' diagnostic skills and treatment outcomes for endo-perio lesions.

Review on Diagnosis and Management Approach of Multiple Sclerosis

The most prevalent non-traumatic debilitating illness affecting young individuals is multiple sclerosis (MS) (2). Both industrialized and emerging nations are seeing an increase in the incidence and prevalence of MS, whose underlying etiology is still unknown. In addition to some well-known environmental variables, such as vitamin D or ultraviolet B light (UVB) exposure, Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) infection, obesity, and smoking, MS is a complicated illness with several genes that can influence disease vulnerability (3). The Medline, Pubmed, Embase, NCBI, and Cochrane databases were searched for studies of patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Incidence, etiology, and management options were analyzed. The etiopathogenesis of MS is convoluted. The processes through which genetic and environmental risk factors for the illness alter risk are still largely unclear, despite significant improvements in their detection. Discovering these processes might result in the identification of novel and more focused therapy targets as well as disease pathways.

Categorization and complication of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease

Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is the most prevalent liver disease with a global prevalence of 25%. The frequency of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and the percentage of people with severe liver disease are expected to rise given the ongoing obesity pandemic, the rise in diabetes, and other factors. This will have a significant effect on health care expenditure and the need for liver transplantation, for which non-alcoholic steatohepatitis is already on track to overtake alcoholic steatohepatitis as the most prevalent reason. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is characterized by the triglyceride accumulation in the cytoplasm of hepatocytes. Patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease who have advanced fibrosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis are at much higher risk of negative outcomes, such as overall mortality and liver-specific morbidity and death. It is a multisystemic clinical illness entity that manifests extrahepatic conditions like polycystic ovarian syndrome, type 2 diabetes, chronic renal disease, hypothyroidism, and psoriasis. In fact, cardiovascular disease, cancer, and liver-related problems are the three leading causes of death in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease patients, in that order. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is further divided into two subtypes hepatic steatosis and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis ranging from milder to more aggressive form of the disease.