Protective effect of sterubin against neurochemical and behavioral impairments in rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease

This study was conducted to evaluate how sterubin affects rotenone-induced Parkinson's disease (PD) in rats. A total of 24 rats were distributed into 4 equal groups: normal saline control and rotenone control were administered saline or rotenone (ROT), respectively, orally; sterubin 10 received ROT + sterubin 10 mg/kg po; and sterubin alone was administered to the test group (10 mg/kg). Rats of the normal saline and sterubin alone groups received sunflower oil injection (sc) daily, 1 h after receiving the treatments cited above, while rats of the other groups received rotenone injection (0.5 mg/kg, sc). The treatment was continued over the course of 28 days daily. On the 29th day, catalepsy and akinesia were assessed. The rats were then euthanized, and the brain was extracted for estimation of endogenous antioxidants (MDA: malondialdehyde, GSH: reduced glutathione, CAT: catalase, SOD: superoxide dismutase), nitrative (nitrite) stress markers, neuroinflammatory cytokines, and neurotransmitter levels and their metabolites (3,4-dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC), dopamine (DA), norepinephrine (NE), serotonin (5-HT), 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA), and homovanillic acid (HVA)). Akinesia and catatonia caused by ROT reduced the levels of endogenous antioxidants (GSH, CAT, and SOD), elevated the MDA level, and altered the levels of nitrites, neurotransmitters, and their metabolites. Sterubin restored the neurobehavioral deficits, oxidative stress, and metabolites of altered neurotransmitters caused by ROT. Results demonstrated the anti-Parkinson's activities of sterubin in ROT-treated rats.

Irritable bowel syndrome: classification, dietary approach, pharmacological and psychological treatments

Irritable bowel syndrome is a long-lasting disorder that affects a significant number of people worldwide. This comprehensive study explores the complexities of IBS, thoroughly investigating its classification, signs, and various treatment approaches. It emphasizes the nature of IBS symptoms, highlighting the importance of tailored treatment strategies that consider adjustments, medications, and psychological therapies. The study recognizes that each patient responds differently to treatments, underscoring the need for care. By shedding light on the nature of IBS and acknowledging experiences, this research aims to provide an updated and evidence-based understanding of managing IBS. The significance of an approach is emphasized, recognizing how health, psychological well-being, and lifestyle factors are interconnected in IBS. Alongside medication for symptom relief and therapies addressing aspects, dietary modifications play a vital role in improving patient outcomes and overall quality of life. This integrated strategy aims to address IBS's impact on health and overall well-being. In summary, this study provides information for healthcare professionals and researchers to provide an understanding of the complexities of IBS and advocate for a personalized and evidence-based approach to its treatment.

Types of intraoperative positioning nerve injuries

Intraoperative positioning nerve injuries are a known complication that can occur during surgical procedures when patients are placed in specific positions on the operating table. The causes of intraoperative positioning nerve injuries are multifactorial and are associated with aspects related to how the patient is positioned during the surgical procedure and the duration for which pressure or tension is applied to nerves. This study was conducted to identify and categorize the various types of intraoperative positioning nerve injuries and to establish prognostic classifications for these injuries. The aim was to address the imperative need for strategies to prevent and manage such injuries effectively. The study involved an extensive review of existing literature, encompassing databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane. Intraoperative positioning nerve injuries can be categorized based on several parameters, including the nature of the injury, the specific nerve or nerve plexus affected, and the severity of the damage incurred. Two major classification systems based on injury extent are Seddon’s and Sunderland’s classifications. Types based on anatomical region can be loosely divided into nerves present in the upper limb, lower limb, head and neck, and thoracic region. The prevention of intraoperative positioning nerve injuries is of paramount importance and hinges on meticulous preoperative planning, the utilization of appropriate positioning techniques, and the diligent monitoring of patients throughout the surgery.

Association of orthodontic treatment and aspiration pneumonia

Foreign body aspiration or ingestion is an uncommon potential complication during orthodontic dentistry, and it can produce a medical emergency. Obstruction of the airways can be life-threatening, and delayed recognition and management can result in pulmonary complications such as recurrent pneumonia. Dental treatment has been identified as an important cause of the misplacement of foreign bodies in the airway. Objects used in orthodontic treatment are mainly used due to their manufacturing limitations, such as their shape and size, and because they are made of radiolucent materials, which make them easy to aspirate or ingest and difficult to detect with a radiograph. However, few reports have been published on orthodontic dentistry-related foreign body aspiration and pulmonary complications. Furthermore, micro-aspiration due to poor oral hygiene in patients undergoing orthodontic procedures has been investigated in this review since poor oral hygiene is a well-established risk factor for aspiration pneumonia in the elderly population. The association between the aspiration of orthodontic material and aspiration pneumonia is not well established. Aspiration pneumonia is a secondary symptom of misdiagnosis or delayed diagnosis of dental material aspiration. Additionally, poor oral hygiene can also increase the risk of aspiration pneumonia in elderly patients since poor oral hygiene during orthodontic treatment leads to plaque retention, which can lead to increased development of hyperplastic gingivitis and periodontal breakdown, established risk factor for aspiration pneumonia.