RESUMO
Attachment relationship provides a secure base for the infants from which to explore the environment and a safe haven to return to in times of danger. Attachment style shapes the behavior of individuals in adulthood. There are many different measures of attachment and a lot of controversy about what they measure and how they relate to each other. Hence, we tried to evaluate the psychometric properties of one of such questionnaires on a sample of the Iranian population. [Attachment style questionnaire] designed by Van Oudenhoven measures four dimensions: secure, preoccupied, fearful and dismissing. Psychometric properties of the questionnaire were evaluated in a cross sectional study on 730 adults in Isfahan, Iran. Statistical analysis of data was performed by the explanatory factor analysis with the principal component method, Cronbach's alpha, Pearson correlation coefficients, and the multiple analysis of variance [MANCOVA]. The Cronbach's alpha for all items was 0.704. As a whole, the internal consistency was good. There was a high inter-scale correlation between preoccupied and fearful, also the secure style correlated negatively with fearful and preoccupied. The stability coefficient of the attachment scales were 0.625, 0.685, 0.777 and 0.605 for secure, fearful, preoccupied and dismissing styles respectively [P<0.001]. Regarding construct validity, factor analysis showed that some items require iterations to fit the Iranian population. This study showed that the Persian version of ASQ has a reasonable reliability and validity in general and the questionnaire is appropriate for use among the Iranian population in future studies
RESUMO
Background: In some cultures, including ours, direct explanation of inner psychic world is inhibited and stigmatized, therefore finding alternative modes of expression. The aim of this crosssectional study was to assess the frequency of somatization in the depressed patients
Methods: The present study comprised 500 patients referred to the outpatient clinic of Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, and diagnosed with major depressive disorders based on DSMIV- TR. The presenting complaints of these patients were assessed through psychiatric interview. The presenting symptoms were divided into three main categories including mental symptoms, pain, and physical symptoms without pain. Statistical analysis [chi-square and logistic regression] were performed to determine the relationship between presenting symptoms and some demographic variables such as age, gender, marital status, educational level and cultural background [urban or rural]
Results: Physical symptoms other than pain, mental symptoms, and pain were found in 193 [38.6%], 186 [37.2%], and in 121 [24.2%] patients respectively. Pain and physical complaints were more common in patients with rural cultural background, lower education, women and the married individuals. Headache [15.2%], irritability [10.6%] and pain in different parts of the body [10.4%] were the most frequent chief complaints of the patients. Hypochondriasis, suicidal idea, crying, irritability and insomnia were significant symptoms associated with the complaint of somatization
Conclusion: Somatic symptoms, especially pain, have a significant weight in the chief complaints of depressed patients. Physicians need to pay particular attention to this important issue in order to better understand these patients
RESUMO
As psychiatrists or psychotherapists, many of us may have had contact with people by e-mail and/or through online 'chat rooms'. These people may write to us about their various problems, especially in their interpersonal relationships; discuss their queries about conflicts with their spouse, partner, and friends; or complained of low self-esteem and problems at work. In this article, we will try to discuss certain considerations and opinions about the possibility of insight-oriented psychotherapy in the domain of 'virtual reality'. This study was based on clinical observation of the first author. Two cases of 'Cyberanalysis' were described. The management of transference and counter transferency, the analysis of defenses in this context, and possible reasons for success and failure of each case were discussed. We have witnessed the formation of a transferential relationship between the 'client' and the therapists after a matter of months. One of the client had a satisfactory outcome and the other represented a therapeutic failure. This type of psychotherapy may provide a novel opportunity for therapists to move toward the internal world of the patient Compared to 'real world' therapies. This modality of therapy also has its own advantages and shortcomings