Prevalence of Dental Fluorosis in Saudi Arabia: A Meta-Analysis

Abstract Objective: To identify the prevalence of dental fluorosis in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Material and Methods: Literature search for the present study aimed to include all the relevant studies conducted in Saudi Arabia that reported prevalence of dental fluorosis. A literature search was done using keywords (dental, fluorosis, prevalence) using three databases (Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science). Grey literature was also searched using Google Scholar and research gate. Literature was searched from 1939 till April 2020. The risk of bias was reported using JBI Critical Appraisal Checklist for Studies Reporting Prevalence Data. Twelve studies were included based on inclusive criteria. The only inclusive criteria were studies that were conducted among people living in Saudi Arabia, and studies that reported the prevalence of dental fluorosis. Samples from all age groups that reported prevalence of dental fluorosis were included. MedCalc statistical software was used to perform the analysis. Results: The overall prevalence of dental fluorosis was found to be 46.52%, 95 CI (26.52% to 67.12%). I2 value was reported 99.8%, 95 CI (99.78% to 99.83%), indicating high heterogeneity amongst the finding of studies. Funnel plots indicate the presence of a strong publication bias. Overall, we found some contrasting findings. One study reported prevalence of dental fluorosis as 0% and other with a comparatively large sample size found dental fluorosis to be 90.6%. Conclusion: The present study adds to the literature regarding dental fluorosis in Saudi Arabia by providing an overview of its prevalence. It is concluded that prevalence of dental fluorosis was a bit high. However, findings indicate publication bias. We did not account for severity of dental fluorosis. All the available data was analyzed to measure dental fluorosis prevalence without considering the sample size and sampling technique.

Epidemiology of Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs)-Producing Bacteria in Different Regions in Saudi Arabia: A Systematic Review

Recently, a number of Saudi studies have indicated the emergence of a new genetic mutation in gram-negative bacteria (GNB) strains, particularly in extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) producing isolates, which accounts for about 8% to 38% of the total GNBs detected at Saudi hospitals. ESBLs are enzymes identified in GNB and have ability to resist beta lactam antimicrobial agents by breaking down the lactam ring. To ensure the objectiveness of this study, this paper presents most of the published studies on ESBL infection in Saudi Arabia (available online). ESBL-producing bacteria were detected using disk diffusion methods, dilution methods, double-disc synergy test, E-test strip and molecular detection methods. Risk factors contributing to the spread of ESBL infection include renal disease, diabetes, age, gender, hospital admission and previous exposure to antibiotics. CTX-M, TEM and SHV genotypes are the most common in the studies that have been performed in Saudi hospitals. Imipenem, meropenem, tigecycline and nitrofurantoin are still the best options to treat the ESBL infection. Appropriate infection control policies should be applied to reduce the risk factors of such infections.

Giardiasis. Entre realidades y mitos / Giardiasis. Between myths and realities

El libro ofrece a los lectores, además, novedosas informaciones que revolucionan el conocimiento sobre esta parasitosis y posibilitan un análisis más integral. En ese sentido, destacan los capítulos que abordan temas como la biología, patogenicidad e inmunobiologia de la infección por Girdia lambia. En el resto de los capítulos se tratan temas sobre clínica, diagnóstico, tratamiento, epidemiología, prevención y control de la giardiasis, con lo que se les ofrece a los profesionales interesados, de forma amena y actualizada, herramientas útiles para el menejo y control de esta parasitosis.

Closure of large oro-antral fistula using autograft septal cartilage: a new technique

Oroantral fistula is a pathologic communication between the oral cavity and the maxillary sinus which usually occurs as a result of maxillary posterior tooth extraction. The aim of the current work is to present a new technique for closure of oroantral fistulas using autogenous septal cartilage and a buccal pyramidal flap. All patients undergoing closure of large oroantral fistula using this technique in Hai Al Jamea Hospital, .Jeddah, Saudi Arabia between the years 2001 and 2005 were included in this study. There were eleven patients, eight of whom had chronic oroantral fistulas. The aetiology was tooth extraction in nine cases [81.8%], primordial maxillary cyst excision in one case [9.1%], and dental implant in one case [9.1%]. Four cases had extensive sinusitis and were managed by endoscopic sinus surgery. Complete closure of the fistula was obtained in 10 cases [90.9%]. whereas one case [9.1%] failed. No other complications occurred The septal cartilage and pyramidal buccal flap technique is a viable alternative for the closure of large oroantral fistulas. The associated maxillary sinusitis can be safely managed by endoscopic sinus surgery

Interim analysis: Trimodality management of urinary bladder cancer

This study included 16 patients with muscle invasive transitional cell carcinoma of the urinary bladder. All were males with median age of 60 years. Bilharzial association was seen in nine cases [56%]. The majority had T2 and N0 disease [94%]. This study attempted complete transuretheral resection of the tumor [TURT] in all cases, but it was possible in nine cases [56%]. This was followed by two cycles of cisplatinum concurrent with pelvic radiation for 45 Gy. Interval cystoscopic assessment was done for each case. Eleven patients [69%] achieved complete histologic response and continued on further radiation of the bladder for 15 Gy with cisplatinum. The other five cases were referred for cystectomy, that was possible in three cases, the other two cases continued on the same scheme of chemoradiation. The treatment was reasonably tolerated by the majority of cases, vomiting was the commonest toxicity observed in 13 patients [81%]. The final outcome of the bladder-sparing protocol was nine patients [56%] alive with preserved bladder. Incomplete TURT and replacing cisplatin by carboplatin had significant poor impact on disease local control

Interim analysis: Combined modality treatment in advanced head and neck cancer

This work aimed to optimize the locoregional control in locally advanced head and neck cancer by concurrent chemoradiation using the concomitant boost subtype of accelerated fractionation radiotherapy. Also, the safety profile of this combined modality was assessed. Twenty-three patients with locally advanced head and neck cancer were recruited. Their median age was 53 and performance status 1-2 [WHO]. Larynx was the commonest site of primary disease in 11 cases [48%], the nasopharynx 8 cases [35%], the hypopharynx 3 cases [13%] and the oropharynx one case [4%]. T3-4 was seen in 20 cases [88%] and N2-3 in 7 cases [30%]. The median total dose of radiation was 71.5 Gy with median concomitant boost 10 Gy. The biologic effective dose with time correction in this study was 59.2 Gy 10. Concurrent cisplatinum was prescribed in a dose of 80 mg/m2/3 weeks. The recorded relative dose intensity of cisplatin was 0.75. The results revealed that the commonest recorded grade 3/4 [WHO] toxicity was mucositis [dysphagia] in 8 cases [35%] followed by vomiting in 7 cases [30%] and asthenia in 5 cases [22%]. However, all cases showed objective response to treatment with 15 cases [65%] in complete response sustained to the end of the study. The treatment is fairly tolerated by the patients included in this study with satisfactory locoregional control of their advanced disease

Effect of interaction between rate and period of spray of Propanil herbicide on weed of rice

To study the effect of rate and period spray of Propaneil herbicide on weed of rice such as [Echinochloa Crusgalli and E. colonum], a Field experiment was conducted at AL-Garma [Thi-Qar Governorate/Iraq] for two year [2000-2001] by using [R.C.B.D.] in split plot design with four replicates. The main - plots were included four rate of herbicide Propaneil [1.5, 2.5, 3.5, 4.5] Liter/donum, while sub-plots were included four treatment during three stages of weed growth, [2-3 leaves, 4-6 leaves and 6-8 leaves] and control. The results showed significant differences between rate and period of Propaneil herbicide. Also the results gave that all herbicide treatment were efficient in lowering the numbers of weeds compared to the untreated [control] treatment. The best combination was [2.5 liter/donum of herbiade x stage of weed growth 2-3 leaves] gave the highest yield of seed rice which was 928.5 and 915.6 ton/donum for 2000 and seasons. There was a significant effect for rate and period spray of Propaneil herbicide on growth, plant yield and its components

Effect of phosphorous fertilization and plant spacing on yield and some of its components of two types of sun flower

An experiment was caried out at agricultural research station/university of Basrah during season of 1996/1997 to study the effects of four levels of phosphorous fertilization [0, 80, 160 and 240 kgp2o5/ha] and three plant spacing [35x70,25x70 and 15x70cm] on some yield components of two Sunflower varieties. [Peredovick and Akmar]. Results shown hat head diameter, plant yield, number of seeds/head and weight of a thousand achene increased with increasing phosphorous fertilization levels up to 160 kgp2o5/ha, while head diameter and plant yield decreased at narrow spacing. The effect of interaction was significant on head diameter and plant yield. Variety Periodic gave higher yield then Akmar whereas, there was no significant differences between them in harvest index and 1000 achene weight

Effect of ploughing depth and irrigation intervals and time of planting on growth and yield of sunflower

This experiment was carried out during the 2000 and 2001 growing seasons at Akad horticulture stations. Shatra, Thi-Qar-governorate. The study was conducted to investigate the influence of plowing depth, irrigation intervals and planting data on growth and yield of sunflower. Split-Split-plots arrangement in randomized complete block design with four replicates was used. The main treatment was irrigation intervals [6;9 and 12] days where as the plowing depth [0-200] and [0-40] cm was used as sub treatment, while the planting dates [26. feb, 13 March, and 28 March] was used as sub-sub treatment. The area of exp. Unite was [3x3m] contained [4] rows, planning at [75x30cm] space. The results have shown the plant height, leave index, head diameter, number of seeded/head, weight of 1000 seeds, and yield seed [ton/ha] and significantly effected by the study factors. The results of the statistical, analysis of the data showed that shortest irrigation interval [6days] increased the yield of seed by 24 and 28 percent as compared to longest irrigation interval [12 days] for the 2000 and 2001 seasons. The early planting date [26. Feb.] had significantly increased the yield of seed by 40 and 42 percent as compared to planting date [28. March] during two study seasons 2000 and 2001. Also the interaction of plowing depth with irrigation intervals had significantly increased the yield of seed sunflower which was 3.052 and 2652 [ton/ha] for the combination of deep plowing was with short interval [6 days] for 2000 and 2001 seasons. There for the interaction of deep plowing with planting date had significantly increased the yield of seed which was 3.200 and 2.755 [ton/ha] for the combination of plowing depth with early planting date [26. Feb] for 2000 and 2001 seasons. The study showed that the combination of irrigation interval [6 days] with early planting date [26. Feb] increased the yield of seed which was 3.067 and 2. 645 [ton/ha] for 2000 and 2001 seasons. The beast combination was [6 days x 26.Feb. x deep plowing] due to the highest grain of seed which was 3.467 and 3.022 [ton/ha] for 2000 and 2001 seasons

Congenital genu recurvatum with dislocation of the knees: a case report

Ababy girl was born with severe deformity of the knees. Clinically and radiologically she was diagnosed as congenital dislocation of the knees. Gentle manipulation followed by malleable splints corrected the deformity in three weeks. A follow up at the age of one year showed normal position of the knees

Serum leptin elevation in obese women with polycystic ovary syndrome: a continuing controversy

The full pathogenesis of the polycystic ovary syndrome is not yet known. Heterogeneity is a confounding factor and several links between the diverse abnormalities seen in these cases are still missing. Obesity was one of the triad mentioned in the original description, and is an important differentiating factor between the two phenotypes of the syndrome namely obese and non-obese. Leptin is suggested to contribute to the pathogenesis of PCOS in obese subjects. In this study leptin levels were significantly different between obese and non-obese subjects, and were significantly different between insulin resistant and non-insulin resistant PCOS suggesting that body mass index and insulin resistance were the two main factors governing serum leptin levels

Preoperative diagnosis of ovarian cancer in patients presented with adnexal mass using the risk of malignancy index

To detect ovarian cancer in patients presented with adnexal mass using Risk of Malignancy Index [RMI] based on menopausal status, ultrasound findings and serum level of CA125. Setting AI-Hussein University Hospital, Cairo- Egypt. Participants one hundred and forty women, 30 years or older, admitted with adnexal mass between September 1998 and February 2002, for laparotomy. Main Outcome Measures the sensitivity, specificity and positive predictive value of RMI based on menopausal status, ultrasound findings and serum CA 125 to diagnose ovarian cancer patients. Results using a cut-off level of 200 to indicate malignancy, the RMI gave sensitivity of 86.67%, specificity of 92.5% and positive predictive value of 89.66%. The risk of malignancy index is able to correctly discriminate between malignant and benign adnexal mass. It is highly recommended to be introduced into clinical practice in Egypt to facilitate the selection of patients for primary surgery at an Gynecologic Oncology Unit

Treatment of posterior semicircular canal benign positional paroxysmal vertigo

This is a prospective study on 72 consecutive patients suffering from benign paroxysmal positional vertigo [BPPV] of the posterior semicircular canal. The study aimed at assessing the efficacy of the modified Epley maneuver for the treatment of BPPV and at evaluating the use of a mastoid vibrator on the treatment outcome and the recurrence of the disease. Other factors that might play a role on treatment success or disease recurrence were also studied. Using the Epley maneuver and without the use of the vibrator, 77.7% of patients were cured and 17.8%-improved, while 4.5% showed no improvement. In these cases, recurrence occurred in 8.9% of patients. Using a vibrator, 85.2% of the patients were cured and 14.8% improved, whereas recurrence in this group of patients occurred in 22.2%. The differences between both groups were not statistically significant. The overall recurrence in our series was 13.9% after an average follow-up period of 3 months. In the overall results, post-traumatic cases had significantly higher recurrences when compared with idiopathic cases. Other factors such as age, severity of the condition and duration of symptoms had no significant effect on the treatment success or on the recurrence of the disease

Intravenous adriamycin and external radiation therapy for treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma

Twenty four patients with primary malignant hepatocellular carcinoma [PHC], treated with either external radiation therapy alone [group I], or external radiotherapy with Adriamycin [group II], were evaluated. The median survival was 8 months for group I and 6 months for group II. The partial response rate was 46% for group I and 45% for group II. Acute and subacute toxicities developed in group II patients. It was found that external radiation therapy alone can palliate primary hepatocellular carcinoma for a reasonable duration and single agent Adriamycin chemotherapy does not add any further improvement