Multiple myeloma presenting as dysphagia

Plasmacytoma is a discrete solitary mass of neoplastic monoclonal plasma cells in either bone marrow or soft tissue sites. Extramedullary plasmacytoma or multiple myeloma of the larynx is extremely a rare condition. We report a 77-year-old male patient diagnosed with multiple myeloma and presented with dysphagia. The rarity of the disease incidence and difficulty of the diagnosis of this disease is discussed. We present this case to increase the awareness of the Otolaryngologists of this rare disease to expedite its diagnosis and management

Severe anaemias in Pakistan

A prospective study on 102 cases of severe anaemia was conducted over a period of 12 months. The patients were distributed into four groups on the basis of haematological investigations. 55 patients were placed in group I of iron deficiency anaemia, 10 in the group II of Haemolytic anaemia, 4 in the group III of hypoplastic anaemia and 33 in group IV of anaemies of Chronic disorders and other miscellaneous diseases. The causes, age distribution, nutritional status and clinical features are reported

Renal osteodystrophy

Renal osteodystrophy embraces the various forms of metabolic bone diseases which develop in chronic renal failure and includes osteomalacia, secondary and tertiary hyper-parathyroidism, osteoporosis and osteosclerosis. Patients with chronic renal failure are common in our community and their prevalence is going to increase in the near future due to prolonged survival of these cases because of frequent use of dialysis and, at times, renal transplantation in their management. Inspite of the fact that renal osteodystrophy is a common complication of end-stage renal failure, and that it is both preventable and treatable. Lack of awareness exists to recognise and treat this condition. The aim of this article is to create an awareness among clinicians to look for this condition in patients with CRF and institute appropriate preventive and therapeutic measures well in time to decrease morbidity from this common complication of CRF. A case history of a patient with advanced renal osteodystrophy is presented followed by discussion