RESUMO
Penoscrotal diseases and inguinal hernia are abnormalities that are often not diagnosed in childhood because most parents do not know the normal anatomy of this region. We designed a cross-sectional study in order to determine the prevalence of inguinal hernia and penoscrotal abnormalities in the elementary school boys in Zahedan city. We studied 3100 elementary-school boys, aged 7-12 years, who underwent clinical examination of the groin and genitalia in 2008. Abnormalities were detected in 167 children [5.38%]. The most frequent anomaly was indirect inguinal hernia, seen in 81 children [2.6%]. The other abnormalities were undescended testis in 39 boys [1.2%], hydrocele in 25 boys [0.8%], hypospadiasis in 11 boys [0.3%], epispadiasis in 1 boy [0.03%], varicoceles in 3 boys [0.09%] and micropenis in 7 boys [0.2%]. Since these abnormalities are most common disorder in children, education of the public and medical staff about these abnormalities and screening system are needed to improve the outcome
RESUMO
Carboxymethyl cellulose [CMC] is one of the most common cellulose derivatives. It has many applications such as edible films and coating. Antioxidant and antimicrobial of essential oils and their direct or indirect usage in foods have been investigated. This study focuses on the physical, chemical, antioxidant and antimicrobial characteristics of CMC edible film incorporated with clove essential oils [CEO]. In this experimental study, CMC edible films with or without clove essential oil were prepared by casting method and many characteristics such as thickness, water vapor permeability [WVP], tensile strength, elongation at break, optical characteristics, microstructure, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of the films were assessed. Tensile strength values were higher when compared with those of control film [pure CMC film], especially in 1% EO concentration. Elongation at break value in 1% EO was higher than control film, but by increasing of EO portion, it decreased. Antioxidant properties and total phenolic compounds as expected increased in higher concentration of EO. Antimicrobial properties of the films showed that films incorporated with EO are effective against selected pathogen bacteria, especially in the higher concentration of EO. Some variations in the structure of various films were shown by scanning electron microscopy [SEM]. Additions of EO into CMC film disrupted condense structure of film and produced a heterogeneous structure. As antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of CEO retain when it used in CMC edible film, it could be beneficial in food packaging to retard of deterioration
RESUMO
Treatment for urinary tract infection should be based on common uropathogenes and their resistance to antibiotics. The aim of this study was to evaluate antibiotic resistance patterns in urinary tract infection. In this cross-sectional study, 11 common antibiotics were evaluated with antibiogram on urine samples of 2876 cases with urinary tract infection during 2010-2011. The most common uropathogen was E. coli [62.41%] and highest resistance of pathogen was against cefixime [84.5%] in this study. As the least resistance of uropathogens was against ciprofloxacin, we propose this antibiotic as the first line treatment for urinary tract infection.