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Thyroid disorders are clinical conditions that affect and are common to millions of individuals worldwide. Thyroid disorders can lead to symptoms and complications such, as tiredness, changes in weight, shifts in mood, heart related issues and difficulties with fertility. Healthcare practitioners who specialize in care have a role in identifying, treating and overseeing patients, with thyroid disorders. This review covers several aspects, such as the clinical complications, diagnostic approaches, and treatment choices for types of thyroid disorders. it's crucial to recognize multiple signs to identify thyroid dysfunction. Different management plans are introduced. Additionally, it explores the challenges and debates surrounding the management of these disorders, such as the screening strategies to adopt the potential use of new biomarkers for diagnosis purposes, the benefits of combination therapy, and how to manage cases with mild or borderline thyroid dysfunction. To sum up, this review offers insights for healthcare professionals to enhance the level of care for patients who have been diagnosed with thyroid disorders.
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Getting sleep is incredibly important for maintaining health and well-being, especially for individuals who have diabetes. Poor sleep quality can have an effect on how our bodies process glucose and utilize insulin potentially resulting in diabetes related issues and complications. Additionally, we explore interventions that have the potential to improve both sleep quality and overall diabetes outcomes. Through this review it is indicated that inadequate sleep quality can influence glucose control, increase the risk of complications associated with diabetes and reduce quality of life. Furthermore, we've identified interventions that show promise in improving both sleep quality and overall outcomes for individuals with diabetes. These interventions include implementing lifestyle changes, making modifications utilizing behavioral therapies and incorporating device-based strategies. We suggest that future studies use experimental designs and objective measures of sleep quality and glucose metabolism and include diverse samples of different types of diabetes.
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Intraoperative positioning nerve injuries are a known complication that can occur during surgical procedures when patients are placed in specific positions on the operating table. The causes of intraoperative positioning nerve injuries are multifactorial and are associated with aspects related to how the patient is positioned during the surgical procedure and the duration for which pressure or tension is applied to nerves. This study was conducted to identify and categorize the various types of intraoperative positioning nerve injuries and to establish prognostic classifications for these injuries. The aim was to address the imperative need for strategies to prevent and manage such injuries effectively. The study involved an extensive review of existing literature, encompassing databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, and Cochrane. Intraoperative positioning nerve injuries can be categorized based on several parameters, including the nature of the injury, the specific nerve or nerve plexus affected, and the severity of the damage incurred. Two major classification systems based on injury extent are Seddon’s and Sunderland’s classifications. Types based on anatomical region can be loosely divided into nerves present in the upper limb, lower limb, head and neck, and thoracic region. The prevention of intraoperative positioning nerve injuries is of paramount importance and hinges on meticulous preoperative planning, the utilization of appropriate positioning techniques, and the diligent monitoring of patients throughout the surgery.
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Sebaceous glands are present in almost every part of the skin or body except the palms and soles, and the primary function of these glands involves the generation of sebum. However, numerous diseases, both benign and malignant, have been linked to abnormal sebaceous gland activity. Sebaceous gland disorders are a class of widespread dermatological conditions with numerous aetiologies. Diseases in which the primary involvement is associated with sebaceous glands comprise conditions such as steatocystoma, sebaceous gland hyperplasia, sebaceoma, sebaceous adenoma, nevus sebaceous, and sebaceous carcinoma. Additionally, sebaceous glands play a secondary role in androgenic alopecia, acne vulgaris, and seborrheic dermatitis. Steatocystoma simplex or multiplex is a non-cancerous growth that arises either sporadically or through inheritance in an autosomal dominant manner, originating from mutations in the keratin 17 gene. Sebaceous gland hyperplasia refers to the non-malignant enlargement of sebaceous lobules, which presents as papules exhibiting a yellowish color and telangiectatic features. Common treatment methods for sebaceous gland hyperplasia include the application of topical retinoids, the administration of oral isotretinoin, and the surgical removal of the affected lesions. Nevus sebaceus also referred to as a nevus of Jadassohn or organoid nevus, represents a congenital skin hamartoma originating from mosaic mutations. While acne vulgaris is a highly prevalent and complex disorder influenced by various factors, one of which is the increased production of sebum. Acne can be managed using approaches like topical or systemic antibiotics, hormonal therapies, cautery-based lesion removal, and phototherapy techniques such as laser treatment. The purpose of this research is to review the sebaceous gland diseases: clinical picture, risk factors, and treatment.
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Acute epistaxis, or nosebleed, is a common presentation in the emergency department (ED) that requires a systematic evaluation and prompt management. The assessment involves considering the severity of bleeding, identifying underlying causes, and implementing appropriate interventions. Modifiable risk factors, such as medication review, nasal hygiene, avoidance of nasal trauma, and humidification, should be addressed to prevent recurrence. Referral to specialists is necessary for cases of recurrent or severe bleeding, suspected underlying causes, or inadequate response to initial management. Collaboration between ED healthcare providers and specialists ensures comprehensive evaluation, specialized interventions, and long-term management. Regular follow-up appointments and patient education are essential for monitoring progress, adjusting treatment, and preventing complications. By employing a comprehensive approach, healthcare providers aim to alleviate distress, achieve hemostasis, identify underlying etiologies, and optimize patient outcomes in the ED.