The use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in osteoporosis

OBJECTIVE: Present evidence-based recommendations on the use of biochemical markers of bone turnover in the management of osteoporosis. METHODS: The English literature from 1999 to 2005 was reviewed by using data sources from MEDLINE. RESULTS: Measurement of biochemical markers of bone turnover helps us identify a high bone turnover rate. Elevated levels of these markers points towards a pathology and at an accelerated loss of bone mass. Its main utility is in documenting the response to therapy. They have a limited role in the follow-up of patients with osteoporosis. To be useful, bone markers must be measured at baseline and periodically after the beginning of therapy. A fall of on fifty (50%) percent in the levels of resorption markers between the third and sixth month of therapy predicts a good response. Bone markers can not be used to establish the diagnosis of osteoporosis. Neither do they measure bone mass. Markers are not capable of predicting future loss of bone mass in an individual nor do they correlate with the occurrence of previous fractures. The greatest limitation of these measurements is not being able to measure bone remodeling in the individual subject. Bone resorption markers are more frequently used than those of formation. The levels of the markers can identify the failures to the therapy and responses to therapy. Lack of reduction in the resorption markers could indicate lack of compliance with therapy, problems of absorption of the medication or lack in response to treatment. There may be problems with the measurement and the interpretation of results of bone remodeling markers. Variability between individuals and intra-individual variability exist as well as inter-assay and intra-assay variability. CONCLUSION: Biochemical markers of bone turnover along with measurements of bone density can help optimize the management of osteoporosis. The use of the bone markers is not recommended in a routine form, but they can be of utility in situations of poor compliance with the therapy or when there are difficulties in the management of the treatment of osteoporosis.

Type 2 diabetes mellitus among youth in Puerto Rico, 2003

AIMS: To describe the clinical characteristics, and estimate the prevalence of type 2 diabetes mellitus among Puerto Rican youth, 1995-2003. METHODS: All patients aged less than 20 years with a confirmed diagnosis of type 2 diabetes were identified from pediatric endocrinologists' medical practices. Medical records of each patient were reviewed to confirm the diagnosis, classify the type of diabetes, and gather sociodemographic and clinical characteristics. From 1995 to 2003 a total of 32,444 records were reviewed. A total of 2,800 children with diabetes were identified, of which 2,702 were type 1 and 93 type 2; typel/type 2 ratio was 29:1. Frequency distributions were obtained for categorical variables, and summary measures (mean +/- standard deviation) for quantitative measure were computed. RESULTS: Mean age at first visit was 14 years. The majority of cases were females (69), for a female/ male ratio of 2.2:1. 78.5had a family history of the disease, 74.2were overweight, and 48had acanthosis nigricans. 64.5of the cases were receiving some type of hypoglycemic therapy. 18.5of the cases had severe hypertension while 17.5had cholesterol levels considered at increased risk (e[quot ]200). The overall prevalence was 13.5 per 100,000 population. CONCLUSIONS: This study is the first that describes the frequency and clinical presentation of type 2 diabetes in children and adolescents in a sample of Puerto Ricans. Further investigations must be conducted to obtain a more precise estimate of the burden of type 2 diabetes in youth and to raise awareness of this condition among health care professionals.

Cardiovascular disease in women with diabetes mellitus: a review

OBJECTIVE: To analyze cardiovascular disease (CVD) along wit it's contributing risk factors in women with diabetes mellitus (DM) and from this, to recommend prevention strategies. METHODS: A review of pertinent studies serves as the basis for the analysis and recommendations of prevention strategies in this group. RESULTS: Women with (DM) show a higher morbidity and mortality from CVD. The presence of DM confers these individuals the same risk of having a coronary event as present in a non-diabetic person who has suffered a previous myocardial infarction. Arterial hypertension, a characteristic dyslipidaemia (hypertrigliceridemia, low level of high density lipoprotein cholesterol and elevated low density lipoprotein cholesterol), obesity, microalbuminuria, platelet hyperaggregability and endothelial dysfunction converge conferring the women with DM a higher susceptibility to atherosclerosis. Recommendations include: lifestyle intervention weight reduction, increase in physical activity and smoking cessation. Women with DM should target to lower the LDL-C to a level below 100 mg/dl, the blood pressure level to below 130/80 mm Hg and triglycerides to less than 150 mg/dl. The goal is to raise HDL-C to a level over 45 mg/dl and reduce hemoglobin A1c (HbAlc) levels to below seven (7%) percent. Women with DM should use aspirin on a daily basis, unless contraindicated. These actions may lead to the reduction of the burden of CVD in women with DM. CONCLUSION: This article summarizes the recent salient features of CVD in women with DM with emphasis on preventive measures as well as on the understanding of prevailing guidelines established under the principles of evidence based medicine.