A importância da descrição ultrassonográfica padronizada e da punção aspirativa por agulha fina na avaliação de nódulos tireoidianos / The importance of a standardized ultrasonographic description and fine-needle aspiration biopsy in the evaluation of thyroid nodules

Nódulos tireoidianos são muito frequentes, sendo detectáveis pela palpação em cerca de 5% das mulheres. A ultrassonografia e a punção aspirativa por agulha fina (PAAF) são métodos diagnósticos largamente utilizados na propedêutica da doença nodular da tireoide. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a utilização da PAAF em pacientes com nódulos tireoidianos submetidos à tireoidectomia. Foram incluídos 20 pacientes, com média de idade de 46±14 anos, (02 homens/18 mulheres), submetidos à PAAF e tireoidectomia em um hospital universitário, entre janeiro/2010 e abril/2016. Apenas 12,5% dos laudos ultrassonográficos descreveram o tamanho dos nódulos em três dimensões e nenhum deles continha todos os itens recomendados para caracterização adequada de um nódulo tireoidiano. De um total de 32 nódulos estudados, 8% constituíram amostra não diagnóstica (categoria Bethesda I). Após tireoidectomia, seis (28%) pacientes apresentaram carcinoma papilífero, sendo dois (33,3%) classificados como Bethesda III e quatro (66,6%) Bethesda V e VI. Observou-se que a falta de padronização dos laudos ultrassonográficos de tireoide pode retardar a investigação diagnóstica e gerar custos elevados para o sistema de saúde. Em contrapartida, o sistema Bethesda está bem consolidado como uma ferramenta para direcionar a conduta frente à doença nodular de tireoide.

Thyroid nodules are very common and can be detected by palpation in about 5% of women. Ultrasonography and fine-needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB) are diagnostic methods widely used in the management of nodular thyroid disease. The aim of this study was to describe the experience on using FNAB in patients with thyroid nodules submitted to thyroidectomy. The sample included 20 patients with mean age of 46±14 years (2 male/18 female), who underwent both FNAB and thyroidectomy at a university hospital between January 2010 and April 2016. Only 12.5% of the ultrasound reports have described the size of the nodules in three dimensions and none of them has described all the characteristics that are necessary to characterize a thyroid nodule properly. A total of 32 evaluated nodules, 8% were nondiagnostic specimens (Bethesda I category). After thyroidectomy, six (28%) patients had papillary carcinoma, two (33.3%) of which were classified as Bethesda III and the other four (66.6%) between Bethesda V or VI. It was observed that the lack of standardization of the thyroid nodule ultrasound reports can delay the diagnostic procedures and generate high costs for the health system. In contrast, the Bethesda system is well established as a tool for guiding the medical management of thyroid nodules.

Metallo-β-lactamase and genetic diversity of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in intensive care units in Campo Grande, MS, Brazil

Infection by Pseudomonas aeruginosa has spread worldwide, with limited options for treatment. The purpose of this study was to investigate metallo-β-lactamase-producing P. aeruginosa strains and compare their genetic profile using samples collected from patients in intensive care units. Forty P. aeruginosa strains were isolated from two public hospitals in Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul State, from January 1st, 2007 to June 31st, 2008. Profiles of antimicrobial susceptibility were determined using the agar diffusion method. Metallo-β-lactamase was investigated using the double-disk diffusion test and PCR. Molecular typing was performed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE). Respiratory and urinary tracts were the most common isolation sites. Of the 40 samples tested, 72.5 percent (29/40) were resistant to ceftazidime and 92.5 percent (37/40) to imipenem, whereas 65 percent (26/40) were resistant to both antimicrobials. Fifteen pan-resistant samples were found. Five percent (2/40) of samples were positive for metallo-β-lactamase on the phenotype test. No metallo-β-lactamase subtype was detected by PCR. Macrorestriction analysis revealed 14 distinct genetic patterns. Based on the superior accuracy of PCR, it can be inferred that P. aeruginosa isolates from the investigated hospitals have alternative mechanisms of carbapenem resistance. The results also suggest clonal spread of P. aeruginosa between the studied hospitals.