Prostate cancer screening in Brazil: should it be done or not?

ABSTRACT The use of PSA in the screening, detection and prognosis of prostate cancer (PCa) has revolutionized the diagnosis and treatment of this disorder with an increase in detection rates and PCa organ-confined. Despite these benefits and ease of implementation, tracking PCa remains a matter of great controversy. We conducted a literature review and demographic and epidemiological data in Brazil feeling to assess the current state of screening and whether there is justification for population programs. the differences are valued between developed and underdeveloped countries as the incidence, mortality, screening and access to health. an analysis of the advantages and disadvantages of screening is made as well as a critical analysis of existing studies on screening and some recommendations on a rational screening.

External validation of EORTC risk scores to predict recurrence after transurethral resection of brazilian patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer stages Ta and T1

ABSTRACT Validate the EORTC risk tables in Brazilian patients with NMIBC. Methods: 205 patients were analyzed. The 6 parameters analyzed were: histologic grading, pathologic stage, size and number of tumors, previous recurrence rate and concomitant CIS. The time for first recurrence (TFR), risk score and probability of recurrence were calculated and compared to the probabilities obtained from EORTC risk tables. C-index was calculated and accuracy of EORTC tables was analyzed. Results: pTa was presented in 91 (44.4%) patients and pT1 in 114 (55.6%). Ninety-seven (47.3%) patients had solitary tumor, and 108 (52.7%) multiple tumors. One hundred and three (50.2%) patients had tumors smaller than 3 cm and 102 (40.8%) had bigger than 3 cm. Concomitant CIS was observed in 21 (10.2%) patients. Low grade was presented in 95 (46.3%) patients, and high grade in 110 (53.7%). Intravesical therapy was utilized in 105 (56.1%) patients. Recurrence was observed in 117 (57.1%) patients and the mean TFR was 14,2 ± 7,3 months. C-index was 0,72 for 1 year and 0,7 for 5 years. The recurrence risk was 28,8% in 1 year and 57,1% in 5 years, independently of the scoring risk. In our population, the EORTC risk tables overestimated the risk of recurrence in 1 year and underestimated in 5 years. Conclusion: The validation of the EORTC risk tables in Brazilian patients with NMIBC was satisfactory and should be stimulated to predict recurrence, although these may overestimated the risk of recurrence in 1 year and underestimated in 5 years.

Hiperplasia nodular de células de Leydig / Nodular Leydig cell hyperplasia

A hiperplasia de células de Leydig (HCL) é uma condiçãobenigna que pode trazer dificuldade no diagnósticodiferencial com neoplasias testiculares, levando aorquiectomia desnecessária. Não existem diretrizes notratamento, riscos e acompanhamento destes pacientes.Discute-se a possibilidade de diagnóstico desta condiçãobenigna pré-tratamento. Relatamos o caso de umnódulo sólido testicular em um paciente de 33 anos percebidopela palpação e confirmado pela ecografia commarcadores tumorais negativos. Submetido à orquiectomiaradical direita, o exame histológico revelou hiperplasianodular de células de Leydig e ectopia adrenalem cordão espermático. A conduta seguinte constituiuacompanhamento clínico trimestral. Conclusão: pareceser consenso que um nódulo sólido testicular palpávelou demonstrado por USG em homem jovem, independentementedos marcadores tumorais, deverá ser levadoa orquiectomia radical. Mas o achado de múltiplos nódulosmenores que 6mm bilaterais sugerem, inicialmente,HCL e podem ser seguidos, desde que apresentem marcadoresnegativos. De modo semelhante, quando houveressecção prévia de uma HCL, a exerese parcial pode seruma alternativa.

The Leydig cell hyperplasia (LCH) is a benign conditionthat can cause difficulty in differential diagnosiswith testicular neoplasms, leading to unnecessary orchiectomy.There are no guidelines for the treatment,risks and monitoring these patients. It discusses the possibilityof pretreatment diagnosing this benign conditio.The case of a solid testicular nodule in a patient of 33years detected by palpation and confirmed by sonographywith negative tumor markers. Underwent right radicalorchiectomy, the histologic examination revealednodular hyperplasia of Leydig cells and adrenal ectopicin the spermatic cord. The following constitutes conductclinical monitoring quarterly. It seems to be consensusthat a solid nodule or a palpable testicular demonstratedby ultrasonography in a young man, regardless of tumormarkers should be taken to radical orchiectomy. Butthe finding of multiple bilateral nodules smaller than6mm suggests, initially, LCH and may be followed, providedthat they have negative markers. Similarly, whenthere was a previous resection of the LCH partial resectionmay be an alternative.