RESUMO
ABSTRACT Objectives: Fragility fractures increase morbidity and mortality. Adding assessment of clinical risk factors independently or as a previous step to Bone Densitometry (BD) should provide better accuracy in fracture risk prediction. FRAX tool might be used to stratify patients in order to rationalize the need for BD and risk classification. The primary objective of this study is to describe and perform comparisons between the estimated risk of fractures in 10 years using the FRAX calculator based on clinical factors with and without BD results for women aged 40 or more with clinical diseases monitored in tertiary care service in internal medicine. Methods: Cross-sectional. Women over 40 years with BD in the previous year. After medical chart review, identification of risk factors and risk estimations using FRAX-BRAZIL with (FRAX BDI) and without (FRAX BDNI) the inclusion of T-score. Results: 239 women. Age 65 ± 10.35 years. BMI 29.68 ± 6.27kg/m2. Risk factors: 32(13.4%) previous fractures; 23 (9.6%) current smoking; 78 (32.6%) corticosteroids use; 44 (18.4%) rheumatoid arthritis; 38 (15.9%) secondary causes; FRAX scores were higher when BD was not included. Spearman correlation coefficients between FRAX BDNI and FRAX BDI for major fractures r = 0.793 (95% CI 0.7388‒0.836). For hip fractures r = 0.6922 (95% CI 0.6174‒0.75446) Conclusion: Using FRAX to estimate 10-year fracture risk without BD data might be a reliable tool for screening, even for patients with a high prevalence of risk factors, improving accessibility and equity in health systems. The present study's data suggest an overestimation of fracture risk with FRAX BDNI, suggesting that it is safe to be widely used as a screening tool.
RESUMO
Summary Objective: To characterize the use of alcohol and tobacco and correlate both to the diseases of outpatients in a general practice outpatient clinic. Method: The ASSIST (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test) questionnaire was answered by 300 randomly chosen subjects assigned to different groups according to the diseases being treated at the Outpatient General and Teaching Clinic of the Department of Internal Medicine, Hospital das Clínicas of the University of São Paulo's School of Medicine (HC-FMUSP, in the Portuguese acronym), São Paulo, Brazil. The consumption of tobacco and alcohol was characterized and its correlation with the groups of diseases being treated was calculated using Chi-square and Pearson test statistics. Results: Compared to alcohol, tobacco use was more prevalent, more intense and showed more health-, social-, legal- and financial-related damage. Tobacco smoking presented a positive significant (p<0.0001) correlation with respiratory diseases. According to the questionnaire's criteria, few alcohol users would be referred to clinical interventions in comparison to smokers. Conclusion: Respiratory diseases and tobacco use were well correlated based on the ASSIST questionnaire. The preventive value of the questionnaire was more evident in relation to tobacco than alcohol consumption.
Resumo Objetivo: Caracterizar o consumo de álcool e tabaco e correlacioná-lo às doenças em tratamento de pacientes de um ambulatório de clínica geral. Método: As perguntas do ASSIST (Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Involvement Screening Test) foram respondidas por 300 pacientes escolhidos aleatoriamente e enquadrados em grupos conforme os diagnósticos das doenças em tratamento no Ambulatório Geral e Didático (AGD), Serviço de Clínica Geral do HC-FMUSP; o consumo das substâncias foi caracterizado e a sua correlação com as doenças em tratamento foi calculada por meio do método do Qui-quadrado e teste de Pearson. Resultados: O consumo de tabaco mostrou-se mais prevalente, mais intenso e maior causa de complicações (de saúde, sociais, legais ou financeiras) do que o do álcool; o consumo de tabaco apresentou correlação positiva e significante (p<0,0001) com a referência de doença respiratória no prontuário médico. De acordo com o critério proposto no questionário, poucos consumidores de bebida alcoólica seriam encaminhados para intervenção preventiva, ao contrário do que ocorreria com os fumantes. Conclusão: A aplicação do ASSIST permitiu caracterizar e correlacionar positivamente o uso de tabaco com doenças respiratórias em tratamento. A importância do questionário como instrumento preventivo das consequências do tabagismo ficou mais evidente do que em relação às associadas ao consumo de bebida alcoólica.