Desafios extremos da internet e contágio psíquico: sintomas da cultura do espetáculo / Extreme challenges of the internet and psychic contagion: symptoms of spectacle culture / Juegos extremos de internet y contagio psíquico: síntomas de la cultura del espectáculo

O presente artigo analisa os padrões de manifestação dos 'desafios da internet', manifestação viral da qual participam principalmente pré-adolescentes e adolescentes, e que estimulam teleparticipação mundial em desafios geradores de estados alterados de consciência que carregam um risco de morte em potencial. Objetivou-se traçar os padrões de incidência da ferramenta Google Trends para mapear padrões de manifestação que são analisados do ponto de vista dos contágios psíquicos das massas próprios das sociedades tomadas pelas redes de comunicação. À análise dos padrões de incidência segue-se uma reflexão teórica sobre o fenômeno e os seus desdobramentos a partir das teorias da comunicação, da mídia e da psicologia junguiana, especialmente acerca dos fenômenos das massas. Para a discussão, utilizaram-se como referências básicas Dietmar Kamper, Jean Baudrillard, Norval Baitello Junior e Malena Segura Contrera.

This article analyses the patterns of manifestation of 'internet challenges', a viral manifestation in which mainly preadolescents and adolescents participate and which stimulates worldwide participation in challenges that generate altered states of consciousness that carry a potential risk of death. The objective was to trace the patterns of incidence of the Google Trends tool to map patterns of manifestation that are analyzed from the point of view of the psychic contagions of the masses of the societies taken by the communication networks. The analysis of the patterns of incidence is followed by a theoretical reflection on the phenomenon and its consequences based on the theories of communication, the media and Jungian psychology, especially concerning the phenomena of the masses. For the discussion, we used Dietmar Kamper, Jean Baudrillard, Norval Baitello Junior and Malena Segura Contrera as basic references.

Este artículo analisar los patrones de manifestación de los 'desafíos de internet', manifestación viral en la que participan principalmente preadolescentes y adolescentes y que promueven la participación mundial en desafíos que generan estados alterados de conciencia que conllevan un potencial riesgo de muerte. El objetivo fue rastrear los patrones de incidencia de la herramienta Google Trends para mapear patrones de manifestación que se analizan desde el punto de vista de los contagios psíquicos de las masas de las sociedades tomadas por las redes de comunicación. Al análisis de los patrones de incidencia le sigue una reflexión teórica sobre el fenómeno y sus consecuencias a partir de las teorías de la comunicación, los medios de comunicación y la psicología junguiana, especialmente en lo que respecta a los fenómenos de masas. Para la discusión se utilizaron como referencias básicas Dietmar Kamper, Jean Baudrillard, Norval Baitello Junior y Malena Segura Contrera.

Aspectos neurofuncionais do cerebelo: o fim de um dogma / Neurofunctional Aspects of Cerebellum: The End of a Dogma

Há séculos o cerebelo é considerado uma estrutura do sistema nervoso central responsável exclusivamente pela coordenação do movimento, fazendo diversas conexões com as áreas motoras e associativas do córtex cerebral. No entanto, nos últimos anos, avanços em neuroimagem funcional têm atribuído ao cerebelo funções cognitivo- afetivas, identificando-as anatômica e funcionalmente. Nesta revisão, os autores trazem as mais recentes informações sobre as funções cerebelares, considerando a síndrome cognitivo-afetiva correlacionada ao cerebelo e pondo fim a mais um dogma das neurociências.

For centuries the cerebellum is considered a structure of the central nervous system solely responsible for coordination of the movement, making several connections with themotor areas and associations areas of the cerebral cortex. However, in recent years, advances in functional neuroimaging has assigned the cerebellum cognitive-affective functions, identifying the anatomy and functionally pathways. In this review, the authors come with the latest information about the cerebellar functions, whereas the syndrome cerebellar cognitive-affective, it correlated, putting an end to more a dogma in neuroscience.

Motivação no ensino e aprendizagem: algumas contribuições da Análise do Comportamento / Motivation in teaching and learning: some contributions of Behavior Analysis / La motivación en la enseñanza y el aprendizaje: algunas contribuciones del Análisis del Comportamiento

O conceito de motivação tem sido um tema regularmente pesquisado e estudado pelos psicólogos, tendo surgido nos contextos da psicoterapia, psicometria e no estudo da aprendizagem. Na bibliografia da Análise do Comportamento ele apareceu pela primeira vez na obra de Skinner "O comportamento dos organismos" e atingiu sua definição atual com os estudos sobre operações motivacionais. Este estudo de revisão de tema visa discutir e caracterizar o conceito de motivação com base em princípios de Análise do Comportamento em sua interface com a área da Educação. Além disso, são apresentados direcionamentos práticos de como produzir motivação na sala de aula. Tipos de operações motivacionais são especificados e são sugeridas algumas operações motivacionais para o comportamento de estudar.

The concept of motivation has been a topic regularly researched and studied by psychologists, having arisen in the context of psychotherapy, psychometry and the learning study. In the literature of behavioral analysis it first appeared in the Skinner's work "The Behavior of Organisms", and reached its current definition with the studies on motivating operations. This study of theme review aims to describe and discuss the concept of motivation based on principles of behavior analysis in its interface with the area of Education. In addition, practical directions of how to produce motivating operations in the classroom are presented. Types of motivating operations are specified and some motivational operations for studying behavior are suggested.

El concepto de motivación ha sido un tema investigado regularmente y estudiado por los psicólogos, habiendo surgido en el contexto de la psicoterapia, la psicometría y en el estudio del aprendizaje. En la literatura del Análisis del Comportamiento apareció por primera vez en la obra de Skinner "El comportamiento de los organismos", y llegó a su definición actual con los estudios sobre operaciones motivacionales. Este estudio de revisión de tema tiene como objetivo discutir y caracterizar el concepto de motivación basado en los principios del análisis del comportamiento en su interfaz con el área de Educación. Además, se presentan instrucciones prácticas de cómo producir motivación en la clase. Se especifican tipos de operaciones motivadoras y se sugieren algunas operaciones de motivación para el comportamiento de estudiar.

Prevalence of xerophthalmia among children in Beheira governorate, Egypt

A survey was conducted on a sample representative of the entire Beheira governorate to identify high-risk areas of vitamin A deficiency [VAD] and assess xerophthalmia prevalence. The study also tested the reliability of a household cluster survey for assessing xerophthalmia prevalence. A trained ophthalmologist examined 10,664 children. The results showed that VAD was present in the region, but did not appear to be a public health problem. Ocular signs of VAD were more prevalent among older children, suggesting an improvement in socioeconomic conditions and health care over the past few years. The household cluster survey appeared to be a reliable method for assessing xerophthalmia prevalence in the region

Minute ventilation sensing rate modulated pacemaker reliability, sensitivity, and utility of cardiopulmonary stress test for optimal rate programming

Among the different sensors available to date for rate responsive pacing, the minute ventilation sensor is claimed to be the most physiological. This study aims to verify the reliability, physiological sensitivity and rate modulating ability of minute volume as a sensor for rate responsive pacing, together with the utility of cardiopulmonary stress test [CPX] to optimize pacing rate. In addition, comparison between the cardiac performance during exercise in fixed-rate VVI versus that in rate responsive modes of pacing was studied. We implanted the META MV in 5 patients [3 males and 2 females, mean age 36. 4 +/- 1.6 yrs, NYHA class 1] affected by CHB. These patients were followed for 3-12 months. Treadmill symptoms-limited exercise test was performed for each patient in both adaptive and rate responsive modes using Bruce protocol. Cardiopulmonary parameters were measured on 1-minute interval. During rate responsive mode exercise capacity improved significantly in comparison to UVI adaptive mode: anaerobic threshold [AT] increased from 1.15 +/- 0.13 to 1.34 +/- 0.16 1/min [16.7%; P 0.005]; time of AT increased from 7 +/- 1.9 to 9.8 + 2.14 minutes [40%; P 0.0025]; VO2 max increased from 1.15 +/- 0.17 to 1.7 +/- 0.18 1/min [12.5%; P]. Sensitivity of the sensor determined from the correlation between VO2 and pacing rate was very strong during the maximal incremental Bruce test [mean r value 0.9650 +/- 0.02]. This correlation was also maintained during our laboratory, brief, low and discontinously graded test [mean r value: 0.9338 +/- 0.01]; however, the response was weaker when compared with that of 15 normal controls. In order to identify the optimal pacing rate which is the lowest rate able to attain the best cardiac performance with preservation of liner correlation between VO2 and heart rate - we repeated for each patient the CPX several times with different slope rates. In 3 patients the optimal pacing rate was 1 or 2 slopes less than the suggested one. In one patient, the slope needed to be reduced after 3 months of implantation; this was due 10 improvement of physical fitness. Follow-up confirmed a correct pacing status. Rate responsive pacing improves cardiac performance belter than fixed-rate VVI pacing. The MV sensor is reliable and highly sensitive, but has poor rate modulating ability. The optimal rate response is not always that suggested by Adaptive mode; moreover, it may change with time. The CPX is mandatory to program and properly follow-up the patients

Hemodynamic responses to ventricular pacing versus atrioventricular pacing

Dual-chamber pacing is considered now the pacing mode of choice in patients with CHB accompanied by variable causes of altered myocardial compliance. A trial contribution and AV synchrony in such conditions is often of utmost importance in improving hemodynamic parameters. Dual-chamber pacing is hindered by high cost, difficult patient selection, atrial lead problems, complexity of implantation and follow up procedures. Therefore, it is important to determine whether the patient will get a reasonable benefit from dual-chamber pacing or not, before implantation of a particular permanent PM. Our work had 2 aims, first to confirm the importance of the atrial contribution and A V synchrony [during dual-chamber mode] in such pathological conditions, and second to present a simple pre-implantation echo-Doppler study to assess the individualized importance of such a hemodynamic benefit in different patients. Ten patients 6 females and 4 males with a mean age of 47.8 ys, all affected by acquired CHB, were included in this study [9 patients were in class I-Il, and one patient in class III NYHA]. Echo-Doppler examination was done at rest, before pacing [in CHB], during transient DDD pacing and then during transient VVI pacing in the same patient in a randomized way and at the same rate. It included measurement of LV diameters, fiber shortening, ejection fraction and cardiac output by M mode and pulsed wave Doppler. During VVI pacing as compared to that measured before pacing, there was a statistically significant decrease in LVEDd, LVESd and stroke index. There was a significant increase in cardiac index, while there was an insignificant relation between fiber shortening and ejection fraction before pacing and during VVI pacing. These results were found also in parameters measured before pacing and during DDD pacing, except that there was a significant increase in fiber shortening and ejection fraction during DDD pacing as compared to their values before pacing. Comparing these parameters between VVI and DDD modes showed a significant increase in cardiac index, stroke index, LVEDd, fiber shortening and ejection fraction, with a significant decrease in LVESd during DDD pacing. Mean value of atrial contribution was 20 + 9.8%. It was found higher in patients with low basic ejection fraction [r = 0.784]

VVI versus VDD pacing: cardiopulmonary exercise test comparison

In order to evaluate the usefulness of the physiological VDD pacing in comparison with the VVI one, we studied 7 patients [mean age 55.6 years; 3 males and 4 females], with normal LV systolic function as determined by echo-Doppler] with implanted dual chamber pacemakers for complete heart block and normal SA nodal function. The patients were exercised by treadmill using the Bruce protocol in a symptoms-limited method. VCO[2] and other cardio-pulmonary parameters were measured on 1-minute interval [using Vista apparatus, model 17520]. Each patient was tested in the VVI [70 bpm fixed rate] and VDD modes [upper rate 150 bmp, AVD 120 msec] in a randomized way. Results: during the stress test evaluation, 2 patients had a spontaneous 1:1 A V conduction and were so excluded from the study. In comparison to VVI mode, in the VDD mode the anaerobic threshold [AT] increased from 0.9 +/- 0.1 to 1.1 +/- 0.1 1/min [12.91 +/- 3.1 to 15.20 +/- 3.3 ml/kg, 18.4%]; time of AT from 5.0 +/- 2.9 to 6.2 +/- 2.7 minutes /24.0%]; VO[2] max from 1.4 +/- 0.1 to 1.5 z +/- 0.1 1/min [18.7 +/- 3.9 to 20.5 +/- 4 ml/kg, 10%]; VE from 55.7 +/- 5.3 to 62.5 +/- 7.5 1/min [12.3%]; exercise time from 11 +/- 2.9 to 12.4 +/- 2.7 minutes [10.9%]. We concluded that the physical capability was improved by VDD pacing in comparison to VVI one