RESUMO
OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to determine the influence of smoking habits and education of family, parents, the type of school and gender on smoking in adolescents. METHODS: This cross-sectional study was performed on 1062 students from eight high schools in Eyup, Istanbul. RESULTS: Twenty-five per cent of students were current smokers (30.1% of boys [n = 551], 20.9% girls [n=511] 95% CI [26%, 34%] and [17%, 24%] respectively, (p < 0.05). Smoking rate was highest in vocational high schools and lowest in super high schools (33% [n = 406, 95% CI (29%, 38%)] and 11% [n = 127, 95% CI (6%, 17%)] respectively, p < 0.05). Smoking rate was higher in mothers (31.6% [n = 174, 95% CI (25%, 39%)] vs 15.5% [n = 336, 95%CI (12%, 19%)] and siblings (27.7% [n = 141, 95%CI (20%, 35%)] vs 18% [n = 350, 95%CI (14%, 22%)] of the female students who smoke than of those who did not smoke (p < 0.05). The rate of smoking in the siblings of 'smoker' boys was higher than that of 'non-smoker' boys (44.6% [n = 130, 95% CI (36%, 53%)] and 26.1% [n = 402, 95% CI (22%, 30%)] respectively; p < 0.05). The education level of 28%, [n=82, 95%CI (19%, 39%)] of the mothers of 'smoker' girls, and of 19.6% [n=429, 95% CI (16%, 23%)] of 'non-smoker' girls was high school and above (p < 0.05). The rate of high school and above education was higher in parents of male students who smoke than that in nonsmokers [45.1% and 27.9%, 95%CI (33%, 55%)] and (24%, 32%), respectively, p < 0.05. Number of smokers saying "Yes" in support of controlling smoking was less than non-smokers (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Smoking rate was higher in boys, in vocational high schools and seems to be influenced by smoking habits and higher educational levels of their family members. This influence differs according to gender. Anti-tobacco messages should target family, friends and schools of adolescents.
OBJETIVO: El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la influencia del hábito de fumar y la educación de familia, los padres, el tipo de escuela y el género en el tabaquismo de los adolescentes. MÉTODOS: Este estudio transversal se realizó en 1062 estudiantes de ocho escuelas secundarias en Eyup, Estambul. RESULTADOS: Veinticinco por ciento de los estudiantes eran fumadores regulares (30.1% muchachos [n = 551], 20.9% muchachas [n = 511] (95% CI (26%, 34%) y (17%, 24%) respectivamente, p < 0.05). La tasa del hábito de fumar fue más alta en las escuelas secundarias vocacionales y más baja en las escuelas secundarias preuniversitarias (33% [n = 406, 95% CI (29%, 38%)] y 11% [n = 127, 95% CI (6%, 17%)] respectivamente, p < 0.05). La tasa del hábito de fumar fue más alta en las madres (31.6% [n = 174, 95% CI (25%, 39%)] frente a 15.5% [n = 336, 95% CI (12%, 19%]) y hermanos y hermanas (27.7% [n = 141, 95% CI (20%, 35%)] frente a 18% [n = 350, 95% CI (14%, 22%)] de las estudiantes hembras que fuman, que la de aquellas que no fumaban. (p < 0.05). La tasa del hábito de fumar en los hermanos y hermanas de muchachos fumadores fue más alta que la de los muchachos que no fumaban (44.6% [n = 130, 95% CI (36%, 53%)] y 26.1% [n = 402, 95% CI (22%, 30%)] respectivamente; p < 0.05). El nivel de educación de 28%, [n=82, 95% CI (19%, 39%)] de las madres de muchachas fumadoras, y de 19.6% [n=429, 95% CI (16%, 23%)] de muchachas no fumadoras fue escuela secundaria y por encima (p < 0.05). La tasa de educación de escuela secundaria y por encima, fue más alta en los padres de estudiantes varones que fuman que en aquellos de los no fumadores ([45.1% y 27.9%, 95% CI (33%, 55%) y (24%, 32%), respectivamente) (p < 0.05). El número de fumadores que dijo "Sí" en apoyo a ejercer control sobre el hábito de fumar fue menor que el de los no fumadores (p < 0.05). CONCLUSIÓN: La tasa del hábito de fumar fue más alta en los muchachos, en las escuelas secundarias vocacionales, y parece estar influenciado por el hábito de fumar y el nivel educacional más alto de los miembros de sus familias. Esta influencia difiere según el género. Los anuncios contra el consumo de tabaco deben ser dirigidos a la familia, los amigos y las escuelas de los adolescentes.
Assuntos
Adolescente , Feminino , Humanos , Masculino , Comportamento do Adolescente , Fumar , Estudantes , Estudos Transversais , Escolaridade , Relações Familiares , Razão de Chances , Inquéritos e Questionários , Fatores de Risco , Fatores Sexuais , Turquia , População Urbana , Educação VocacionalRESUMO
BACKGROUND : Previous studies have suggested that Glutathione S -transferase (GST) genotypes may play a role in determining susceptibility to lung cancer, though the data are often conflicting. In different ethnic groups variations in null allele frequency has been observed. AIMS: We aimed to evaluate whether genetic polymorphisms of Glutathione S -transferase theta (GSTT1) influence individual susceptibility to lung cancer in Turkish population. We tried to clarify the frequencies of GSTM1 gene polymorphisms in a Turkish population. METHODS: DNA samples, extracted from the whole blood were amplified using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method in all of the 68 cases, composed of 31 previously diagnosed lung cancer and 37 healthy controls. RESULTS: The prevalence of GSTT1 null genotype in the lung cancer patients was 29%, compared to 11% in control group. GSTT1 null genotype was found to be higher in cancer group compared to the control group, although it was not statistically significant (OR = 3.37, 95% CI = 0.92-12.32, P = 0.06). There was also no significant relation in GSTT1 genotypes among histopathology types of lung cancers. The frequency of GSTT1 was found to be 25.4% ( n = 952) when the studies of Turkish population were reviewed. CONCLUSION: It can be concluded that carrying the GSTT1 null genotype may be accepted as a weak risk factor for the susceptibility to lung cancer.