POINT-OF-CARE ULTRASONOGRAPHY: NARRATIVE REVIEW

Point-of-care ultrasonography (POCUS) is a growing eld in medicine that allows clinicians to use ultrasonography at a patient's bedside, and it has transformed how clinicians deliver care. POCUS is used across various medical specialties, and non-radiologists and non-cardiologists can also become competent in the performance of POCUS, leading to increased adoption of this technology in clinical practice. POCUS and consultative ultrasonography are complementary, and both can be used together to provide a more comprehensive assessment of a patient's condition. In addition, POCUS is an invaluable tool that clinicians can use to monitor clinical conditions that can progress rapidly, such as acute respiratory failure, intracranial hypertension, and hemodynamic failure. Advances in POCUS technology have led to its use as a screening tool for the identication of certain disorders such as abdominal aortic aneurysm and for diagnosis of various medical conditions. POCUS has been associated with changes in clinical decision making in medical practice and has shown promising results in facilitating diagnosis and procedural guidance.

Jubilación: cambios percibidos en relación a rutinas y roles en adultos mayores no institucionalizados de la cuidad de Punta Arenas / Retirement: perceived changes in relation to routine and roles in non-institutionalized elder people from Punta Arenas city

Esta investigación tiene como principal propósito identificar las percepciones de adultos mayores no institucionalizados de la ciudad de Punta Arenas, respecto a los cambios producidos en sus rutinas y roles luego del proceso de jubilación, desde el enfoque de la ciencia de la ocupación y la terapia ocupacional en la región de Magallanes y Antártica Chilena. La metodología empleada tiene un enfoque cualitativo. Para la recolección de datos, se utilizó una entrevista semiestructurada y el análisis de información se basa en la teoría fundamentada de Glaser & Strauss (1967). Como principales resultados, se obtiene que la existencia de cambios en las rutinas y roles, incluyen percepciones positivas y negativas asociadas. Además, se identifica que en el desempeño de rutinas y roles de las personas, existe una estrecha relación. Finalmente, se puede concluir que para los adultos mayores, la adaptación a dichos cambios producidos después de vivir el proceso de jubilación, depende de las oportunidades de involucramiento en actividades significativas, junto con la posibilidad de contar con redes de apoyo.

This research has as main purpose to identify the perception of non institutionalized elderly people from Punta Arenas city, on the matter of all changes produce in their routines and roles after the retirement process; seeing from the approach of occupation’s science and occupational therapy in the Magellan and Antarctic Chilean region. The methodology used has a qualitative approach. It was used a semi-structured interview for the data collection, and the analysis information is based upon the grounded theory of Glaser & Strauss (1967). As main results, it was obtained that the existence of changes in the routines and roles, include positive and negative perception associated. Furthermore, it was identified that a narrow relationship exists in the performance of the routines and roles of the people. Lastly, it can be concluded that for elderly people, the adaptation to those changes produced after living the retirement process depends on the opportunities of getting involved in meaningful activities, together with the possibility of counting with support networks.

Anticariogenic activity of the active fraction from isertia laevis against S. mutans and S. sobrinus: comparison of two extraction methods

Dental caries is considered a multi-factorial, infectious, chronic, localized, post-eruptive, transmissible disease that leads to the destruction of dental hard tissue. The recognition of Streptococcus mutans as the major bacterial species involved in dental caries has led to the implementation of prevention and control measures for eliminating or reducing it in oral cavity. The main goal of research on medicinal plants is the search for substances or compounds with antimicrobial activity. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of fractions obtained by two methods from Isertia laevis against S. mutans and S. sobrinus. The plant material was collected in Medina (Colombia), at an elevation of 550 meters above sea level. From the ethanol extract of leaves of I. laevis, fractions were obtained by two methods: extraction by column vacuum chromatography (CVC) and extraction by continuous liquid / liquid partitioning (CLLP). The evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of fractions against S. mutans and S. sobrinus was performed by well diffusion and bioautography assays. From the CVC technique, only the methanol and methanol-dichloromethane fractions showed activity against S. mutans and S. sobrinus, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 2 mg/well. From the CLLP technique, only the dichloromethane fraction showed activity against both microorganisms, with a minimum inhibitory concentration of 1 mg/well. Compounds C1 and C2 were isolated from the three active fractions, and showed a minimum inhibitory concentration of 0.4 mg/well for S. mutans and S. sobrinus, with zones of inhibition measuring 6.5 and 6.2 mm, respectively. In conclusion: 1) the three active fractions of I. laevis showed activity against S. mutans and S. sobrinus, 2) compounds C1 and C2 were present equally in the three active fractions showing activity against the two bacteria, 3) compounds C1 and C2 may be triterpenoid and/or steroidal saponin structures, and 4) the two extraction methods lead equally to obtaining the active fractions.

La caries dental es considerada una enfermedad infecciosa multifactorial, cronica, localizada, poseruptiva y transmisible que conlleva a la destruccion del tejido dental duro. El claro reconocimiento de Streptococcus mutans como la principal especie bacteriana implicada en caries dental, ha conducido a la implementacion de medidas de prevencion y control para la eliminacion o disminucion de este microorganismo en cavidad oral. El objetivo fundamental de la investigacion en plantas medicinales, es la busqueda de sustancias o compuestos con actividad antimicrobiana para ser utilizadas en el control o prevencion de enfermedades infecciosas. En este sentido, en salud bucal muchas sustancias obtenidas de plantas han mostrado actividad antimicrobiana. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la actividad antimicrobiana de fracciones obtenidas de la planta Isertia laevis mediante dos metodologias contra S. mutans y S. sobrinus. El material vegetal se colecto en el municipio de Medina (Cundinamarca- Colombia) situado a una altura de 550 metros sobre el nivel del mar. A partir del extracto etanolico de hojas de I. laevis se obtuvieron fracciones mediante dos metodologias, extraccion por cromatografia en columna al vacio (CCV) y extraccion por fraccionamiento liquido/liquido continuo (FLLC). La evaluacion de la actividad antimicrobiana de las fracciones frente a S. mutans y S. sobrinus se realizo por el metodo de difusion en pozo y bioautografico. De las fracciones obtenidas por CCV, solamente las fracciones metanol y metanol-diclorometano presentaron actividad antimicrobiana sobre S. mutans y S. sobrinus, con una concentracion minima inhibitoria de 2 mg/pozo. De las fracciones obtenidas por FLLC solamente la fraccion diclorometano presento actividad antimicrobiana sobre S. mutans y S. sobrinus, con una concentracion minima inhibitoria de 1 mg/pozo. De las 3 fracciones activas se aislaron los compuestos C1 y C2, que presentaron una concentracion minima inhibitoria de 0.4 mg/pozo tanto para S. mutans como para S. sobrinus con halos de inhibicion, respectivamente, de 6.5 y 6.2 mm. En conclusion, 1. Las fracciones metanol y diclorometano obtenidas por CCV y la fraccion diclorometano obtenida por FLLC de hojas de I. laevis presentaron actividad antimicrobiana sobre S. mutans y S. sobrinus; 2. Los compuestos C1 y C2 presentes por igual en las tres fracciones activas tuvieron accion inhibitoria sobre las dos bacterias en evaluacion; 3. Las pruebas quimicas cualitativas para los compuestos C1 y C2 indican que posiblemente corresponden a estructuras de saponinas triterpenicas y/o esteroidales; y 4. Las dos metodologias de extraccion conducen por igual a la obtencion de las fracciones activas.