Association between symptoms of temporomandibular disorders and gender, morphological occlusion, and psychological factors in a group of university students.

Aim: The purpose of this study was to find out the prevalence of temporomandibular disorder (TMD) in a sample of university students and its relationship to gender, occlusion, and psychological factors. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised 196 subjects, aged 18-25 years. The TMD degree was evaluated using an anamnestic questionnaire. Morphologic occlusion was evaluated according to Angle classification (classes I, II, and III). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), a 14-item self-administered rating scale developed specifically to identify anxiety and depression in nonpsychiatric medical outpatients, was used to assess the levels of anxiety (HADSa) and depression (HADSd). Statistical Analysis: The incidence of TMD level, malocclusion, anxiety, and depression in both genders was calculated as percentages. Association between TMD degree and occlusion, HADSa, and HADSd was tested using the Chi-square test. Results: According to our results, 50% of the subjects had TMD, but it was of moderate or severe degree in only 9.18% of them. No statistically significant association could be found between TMD and gender or occlusion. TMD was found to have statistically significant association with HADSa but not with HADSd. Conclusion : A high prevalence of TMD was found in this student population; however, most of the cases could be classified as mild. Of the variables studied, only HADSa had a statistically significant association with TMD.

Viabilidade econômica da adoção e implantação da rastreabilidade em sistemas de produção de bovinos no Estado de Minas Gerais / The financial impact of the traceability in production systems of bovines in the State of Minas Gerais

Este trabalho teve por objetivo analisar o impacto financeiro da implantação de um sistema de rastreabilidade bovina, utilizando brincos plásticos e bótons, nas propriedades rurais do Estado de Minas Gerais. Para estimar a quantidade de animais foram utilizados os dados da Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural (EMATER), a qual identificou, em maio de 2004, 309.551 propriedades rurais em Minas Gerais, com um total de 20.644.231 bovinos. A média de animais por propriedade foi de 67 bovinos. O custo levantado por esta pesquisa, tomando-se como referência os valores praticados por duas empresas certificadoras, para a implantação de um sistema de rastreabilidade, nas propriedades rurais do Estado, com 67 bovinos, variou entre R$6,39/animal e R$6,43/animal. Considerando que a receita adicional por animal rastreado variou de R$15,00 a R$30,00, pois a maioria dos frigoríficos tem remunerado os pecuaristas em R$1,00 a R$2,00 por arroba, conclui-se que a implantação do sistema de rastreabilidade possui viabilidade econômica, pois as receitas adicionais superam os custos da implantação.

This work aimed to analyse the financial impact of the implantation of a bovine traceability system using double plastic earrings, in the rural properties of Minas Gerais State. Data of the Empresa de Assistência Técnica e Extensão Rural were used, being identified on March, 2004, a total of 309,551 rural properties, with an average of 67 bovines per property. The cost for the implantation of a traceability system in the rural properties of the state, with 67 bovines, varied from R$6,39/animal to R$6,43/animal. Considering that the additional income per traced animal varies from R$15,00 to R$30,00, since the majority of slaughter houses have paid the ranchers from R$0,03 to R$0,07 per per weight unit of meat (pounds), it was concluded that the implantantion of the traceability system has an economical viability, as the additional incomes exceed the costs of implantation.