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Background: Globally, the increased prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents has led to increased morbidity and premature mortality in adults due to various metabolic diseases. As adolescents comprises approximately one fifth of the total Indian population, their health status and nutrition clearly depicts the working of the country towards health and burden of diseases in future. Objectives: The objective of the present study is to study the prevalence of obesity and overweight in adolescents and to correlate various socioeconomic factors with obesity and overweight in adolescent population in district Patiala, Punjab. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 600 school going adolescents (10-19 years) from 5th to 12th class of government and private schools in rural and urban area of district Patiala, Punjab. A self-designed, semi- structured questionnaire was used to assess the socio-demographic profile, socio-economic status, socio-environmental factors followed by anthropometric measurement of the children. Results: The overall prevalence of overweight and obesity was found to be 12.8% and 4.5% respectively. Prevalence of overweight and obesity was 5.8% and 3.3% among males and 7% and 1.1% among females. Higher prevalence of the disease was also seen in urban area, nuclear family upper socio-economic class and lower education status of parents. Conclusion: Overweight and obesity among adolescents have multifactorial causes and need holistic approach at the earliest for control and prevention.
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Original Research Article. 5 | P a g e Int J Med Res Prof.2023 May; 9(3); 5-10. www.ijmrp.com Prevalence of Obesity and Undernutrition Among Adolescents and Their Dietary Habits: A Cross Sectional Study in a Tertiary Care Centre Amandeep Kaur1, Harshindar Kaur2*, Avneet Kaur3, Amanpreet Kaur4 1Assistant Professor, 2Associate Professor, 3,4Post Graduate Student, Department of Pediatrics, Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab, India. ABSTRACT Background: World Health Organization (WHO) defined adolescence as a period of life ranging from 10 to 19 years old which is the transition from dependent childhood to independent adulthood. According to the 2019–21 National Family Health Survey (NFHS-5), the prevalence of obesity among women and men increases. Overweight and obesity in younger age group lead to various non-communicable diseases in the future. The studies on adolescent dietary intake and prevalence of obesity are limited in north India, so the aim of this study was to check the prevalence of obesity among adolescents their dietary intake, type of food intake, impact of these dietary habits on prevalence of obesity and to predict the chance of metabolic syndrome among adolescents in tertiary care centre. Materials and Methods: It was a cross-sectional descriptive study design conducted on 1000 adolescent patients aged 10- 15 yrs of rural and urban area from OPD or IPD in Government Medical College, Patiala, Punjab from August 2022 to April 2023, total 9 months. The patients or their parents who gave consent and aged 10 to 15 years were included in this study. Adolescents with diagnosed cases of any chronic disease as congenital heart disease, chronic renal failure, chronic liver failure or any blood disorders and had physical deformities were excluded from this study. Results: Out of these 1000 patients, 530 patients were of normal weight, 260 were underweight. Overweight and obesity were seen in 110 and 100 patients respectively. 54.55% of overweight and 70% of obese patients belonged to upper middle class as compared to well-nourished patients among them 69.8% belonged to upper lower class (p value of 0.021). Cereal intake was 300 - 400 grams per day among 56.6% of well-nourished patients as compared to underweight (53.85%) overweight (63.64%) and obese patients (70%) consumed 200 -300 gram of cereals per day that was statistically significant (p value= 0.04). 40% of obese and 81.8% of overweight patients took junk food three times per week a s compared to 51% of normal weight patients did not consume junk food (p value of 0.001). Hypertension was seen in 60% of obese patients, 18.18% of overweight patients (p value of 0.001). Fatty Liver by ultrasonography was seen in 70% of obese, 54.5% of overweight as compared to only 13.2% of normal weight patients had fatty liver. (p value of 0.001). Conclusion: Our results reveal that the incidence of overweight and obesity is increasing among adolescents. Multiple factors are associated with adolescent obesity like sedentary lifestyle, working parents, improper diet, eating junk food and frequent restaurant visits. Our study observed the obese patients had deranged lipid profile, hypertension, increase liver enzymes and fatty liver on ultrasonography. So, all these factors are known for increasing risk of metabolic syndrome and other non-communicable diseases in future.
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Dextrocardia with situs inversus is a rare heart condition with a genetic predisposition. Although most individuals lead a normal healthy life and usually, it is an incidental finding. Due to their unique anatomical variations and associated congenital variations, they may pose challenges to attending clinicians. We are hereby reporting a successful anesthetic management of the case of a 2.5-year-old child who presented for emergency laparotomy and on investigations, was found to have dextrocardia along with situs solitus.
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Neurocysticercosis (NCC) is the commonest parasitic disease of nervous system in humans and single most common cause of acquired seizures in developing countries. In this study, we intended to evaluate the effect of Albendazole therapy in Parenchymal Neurocysticercosis lesion resolution, lesion load reduction and lesion stage evolution observed on serial neuroimaging in patients presenting with seizures. Albendazole was given for 1 month. Patients were followed up and neuroimaging was carried out after a 6-month interval. Temporal changes in lesion profile including lesion load reduction, lesion resolution, lesion stage evolution and seizure recurrences during the interval period were observed. After Albendazole therapy for 6 months, patients were followed up with serial neuroimaging. Lesion resolution was seen in 29.33%, lesion load reduction in 41.33% and calcified lesions in 52% cases.
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Background CORONAVIRUS disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a viral infectious disease caused by the single-stranded, enveloped RNA virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS COV-2). Though Covid-19 is an acute viral infection predominantly affecting the respiratory system, it has short-term, long-term metabolism and endocrine complications. Being a global pandemic with a high rate of recovery, it is expected to have many long-term metabolic complications in a vast number of covid-19 survivors. We aimed to find out the post covid complications in patients discha Objective: rged from SARI ward AIIMS Bathinda, Punjab. Design: Settings: Prospective observational study OPD and telemedicine consultation of the patients admitted to the tertiary hospital Material and Methods: - A prospective study was done on 244 patients with COVID -19 RAT, and RTPCR Positive patients were done. Patients were followed up in OPD and by telemedicine for post covid complications. Main outcome measures: The main outcome measures were measured in terms of mortality as well as morbidity. Morbidity was evaluated in terms of the complications developing after covid or persistence of the complications developed during the covid. All the patients who were admitted Sample size: to our tertiary Centre were followed for post covid complications. Result: - Out of 244 patients that were analyzed, 22% died during the disease, and 78% survived. Out of the patient who survived 64.8% developed post covid complications. 35.8% complained of fatigue, 10.5% developed headache, 8.9% developed body aches, 3.2% had a persistent cough, 1.6% had a sore throat and 1.1% had gastrointestinal symptoms. Conclusion: - In this population-based study large no. of patients suffer from long-term residual effects afterward-CoV-2 infection such as fatigue, cough, headache, dyspnea, and decline in quality of the eye. With a large range majority of people infected all over the world, our findings emphasize the need for timely planning of resources and patient care. Multidisciplinary collaboration is essential to provide integrated outpatient care for the survival of acute COVID-19. Limitation: Small sample size
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Background: Epilepsy is the commonest chronic and highly stigmatized neurological problem that affects many children. It is defined by two or more unprovoked seizures. The main stay of the epilepsy management is the anti-epileptic drugs and strict adherence to anti-epileptic drugs is the key to successful treatment. The 70% of children will become seizure free with appropriate anti-epileptic drug (AED) treatment. The goal of treatment of epilepsy includes minimizing the risk of recurrent seizures and side effects, and maintaining normal psychosocial and educational/vocational adjustment. Our study will assess the level of adherence to AEDs in children and factor associated with non-adherence.Methods: A cross-sectional prospective descriptive design study, conducted in Government medical college and Rajindra hospital, Patiala, Punjab from December 2021 to May 2021. 60 patients were included in this study who gave written consent and had been taking at least one AEDs for at least 6 months. Only those patients with normal neurological and cognitive development and no other severe comorbidities were included in this study. Patients and their parents were individually administered a structured questionnaire consisting of personal and demographic Information, self-prepared questionnaire to check compliance and validated questionnaire called Morisky medication adherence scale (MMAS-8). Data was analysed by using statistical package for social science software and p<0.05 considered as significant to see the association between factors and non-adherence.Results: The most common reason for non-compliance was problem in remembering that was seen in 41.8% of the patients. 21.8% of the patients had problems in sticking themselves and 18.6% had problems with buying the drugs. 60% patients are male.Conclusions: Poor adherence was seen in 50% of our study participants. In our study, patients were not stick to their therapy, buy the drugs or had problem to remember to take their medication.
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Background/Aims@#Colonic volvulus (CV), a common cause of bowel obstruction, often requires intervention. We aimed to identify hospitalization trends and CV outcomes in the United States. @*Methods@#We used the National Inpatient Sample to identify all adult CV hospitalizations in the United States from 2007 to 2017. Patient demographics, comorbidities, and inpatient outcomes were highlighted. Outcomes of endoscopic and surgical management were compared. @*Results@#From 2007 to 2017, there were 220,666 CV hospitalizations. CV-related hospitalizations increased from 17,888 in 2007 to 21,715 in 2017 (p=0.001). However, inpatient mortality decreased from 7.6% in 2007 to 6.2% in 2017 (p<0.001). Of all CV-related hospitalizations, 13,745 underwent endoscopic intervention, and 77,157 underwent surgery. Although the endoscopic cohort had patients with a higher Charlson comorbidity index, we noted lower inpatient mortality (6.1% vs. 7.0%, p<0.001), mean length of stay (8.3 vs. 11.8 days, p<0.001), and mean total healthcare charge ($68,126 vs. $106,703, p<0.001) compared to the surgical cohort. Male sex, increased Charlson comorbidity index scores, acute kidney injury, and malnutrition were associated with higher odds of inpatient mortality in patients with CV who underwent endoscopic management. @*Conclusions@#Endoscopic intervention has lower inpatient mortality and is an excellent alternative to surgery for appropriately selected CV hospitalizations.
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Methods@#This study included 25 patients with adult lytic HGSL (Meyerding grade III and IV) operated using a hybrid technique from 2012 to 2015. Data were compared with retrospective data on conventional open reduction (n=23) operated from 2000 to 2015. The minimum follow-up was 5 years. Clinical outcomes were assessed using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) score and modified Oswestry Disability Index (m-ODI). The spinopelvic and perioperative parameters were recorded. The inter-body fusion and adjacent segment degeneration (ASD) were assessed on radiographs at the final follow-up. @*Results@#The average age in the MTFD and open groups was 45.84±12.70 years (nine males and 16 females) and 49.26±13.33 years (eight males and 15 females), respectively. Further, 22 and three patients in the MTFD group and 19 and four in the open group had grade III and IV listhesis, respectively. The MTFD group demonstrated less operative time, blood loss, and hospital stays than the open group. Significant improvements were observed in VAS and m-ODI in subsequent follow-ups in both groups. The MTFD group fared better at 3 months but outcomes were comparable at the final follow-up. Both techniques were equally effective in restoring spinopelvic parameters. The incidence of ASD is comparable. @*Conclusions@#The technique was proven effective in reducing HGSL. The long-term clinical and radiological outcomes were favorable and comparable with the conventional approach.
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Although seen in ~5% of sarcoidosis patients, cardiac sarcoidosis (CS) accounts for nearly 25% of diseaserelated deaths. This study aimed to describe characteristics and outcomes among CS patients. Patients diagnosed with CS in 2016e2017 in the US National Inpatient Sample Database were evaluated to study patient characteristics, reasons ascribed to admission, in-hospital outcomes, and complications. A total of 2420 patients (median age 56 years) were included in the analysis. Most admissions occurred due to ventricular tachycardia (12.8%), followed by myocarditis (9.9%) with a mean length of stay of 7 ± 7 days. The overall incidence of in-hospital mortality was 2.5%
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Non-immunoglobulin intracytoplasmic inclusions in plasma cells of multiple myeloma are very rare presentation. These are morphologically similar to Auer rods but chemically different from them. We studied two cases of multiple myeloma in a 60-year-old woman and 45-year-old man. In both cases, plasma cells of bone marrow aspirate revealed multiple Auer rod-like inclusions (ARLI). Sudan black B (SBB) and myeloperoxidase (MPO) cytochemistry were negative. Serum protein electrophoresis in both of them showed M spike, one with raised IgA-kappa levels, while the other with raised IgG-kappa levels. Very few case reports have been published in the literature and its prognostic implications are still unknown. Due to its rarity, it is important to distinguish such cases from acute myeloid leukemia and its exact incidence with its therapeutic and prognostic implications
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Background: Numerous variations of intramedullary nailing have been evolved over the years for stable fixation and early mobilisation of subtrochanteric fracture, out of which one is proximal femoral nail. Aims and objectives 朩e conducted this study with an objective to evaluate the results of internal fixation of subtrochanteric fractures of the femur with proximal femoral nail � AO type Design.Methods:This was a prospective study carried out at our tertiary care institute on 30 patients who had suffered subtrochanteric fracture and were subsequently treated with a proximal femoral nail (PFN). Proximal femoral nail was inserted through the tip of greater trochanter. All patients were followed up for a period of one year; at an interval of 3 months and during each follow-up visit for the functional outcome by modified Harris Hip Score, was assessed in the form of walking, squatting, sitting and rising from chair.Results:Modified Harris hip score was used for the evaluation of results in our study which showed excellent result in 21 patients (70%), good results in 3 cases(10%), fair results in 3 patient (10%) and poor results in 3 cases(10%). The mean Harris hip score in our study was 90.6.Conclusion:PFN is an intramedullary load sharing implant. Reduction and management of subtrochanteric fractures is challenging in traumatology. Proximal femoral nailing spanning whole femur with proximal and distal locking appears to be a satisfactory implant in management of fractures of subtrochanteric femur.
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Background: Pectoral nerve (Pecs) block is an effective component of multimodal analgesic regimens for breast surgeries. In present study we compared analgesic effect of dexamethasone 8 mg as an adjuvant to 0.25% ropivacaine versus 0.25% ropivacaine alone in pectoral nerve block. Methods: The study was conducted in a randomized manner on 60 female patients of American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA) Grade I and II, aged between 18 to 65 years, scheduled to undergo modified radical mastectomy under general anesthesia (GA). The patients were randomly allocated into 2 groups of 30 patients each. Group A received ultrasound (US)-guided Pecs block with 30 ml of 0.25% ropivacaine and 10 ml normal saline (total volume 40 ml) and Group B received with 30 ml of 0.25% ropivacaine and 8 mg dexamethasone in and 10 ml normal saline (total volume 40 ml). Post-operatively visual analogue score (VAS), duration of analgesia and total analgesic consumption was noted. Student t-test, Mann Whitney U test and Chi-square test were used for statistical analysis. Results: VAS were persistently low for first 4 hours in group B and for first 9 hours in group A (p value < 0.001 at some intervals). The mean duration of analgesia was prolonged in group B as compared to group A (612.33 ± 41.77 min in Group B and 307.70 ± 22.37min in group A) (p <0.001). Total analgesic consumption in first 24 hours post-operatively was also statistically lower in Group B (97.50± 34.96 mg) as compared to group A (177.50± 36.76) (p<0.001). No patient under study reported any adverse effects. Conclusion: Addition of 8 mg dexamethasone as adjuvant to 0.25% ropivacaine for pectoral nerve block increases the duration of analgesia and significantly reduces the amount of analgesic requirement in first 24 hours postoperatively without any significant adverse effects.
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Background/Aims@#Recent studies have reported the favorable outcomes of underwater endoscopic mucosal resection (UEMR) for colorectal polyps. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the efficacy and safety of UEMR for nonpedunculated polyps ≥10 mm. @*Methods@#We performed a comprehensive search of multiple databases (through May 2020) to identify studies reporting the outcomes of UEMR for ≥10 mm nonpedunculated colorectal polyps. The assessed outcomes were recurrence rate on the first follow-up, en bloc resection, incomplete resection, and adverse events after UEMR. @*Results@#A total of 1276 polyps from 16 articles were included in our study. The recurrence rate was 7.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.3–12) and 5.9% (95% CI, 3.6–9.4) for nonpedunculated polyps ≥10 and ≥20 mm, respectively. For nonpedunculated polyps ≥10 mm, the en bloc resection, R0 resection, and incomplete resection rates were 57.7% (95% CI, 42.4–71.6), 58.9% (95% CI, 42.4–73.6), and 1.5% (95% CI, 0.8–2.6), respectively. The rates of pooled adverse events, intraprocedural bleeding, and delayed bleeding were 7.0%, 5.4%, and 2.9%, respectively. The rate of perforation and postpolypectomy syndrome was 0.8%. @*Conclusions@#Our systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that UEMR for nonpedunculated colorectal polyps ≥10 mm is safe and effective with a low rate of recurrence.
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Background@#The efficacy of local anesthesia decreases in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Therefore, it was proposed that the use of premedication with an anti-inflammatory drug might increase the success rate of pulpal anesthesia in mandibular posterior teeth with vital inflamed pulp. @*Methods@#One hundred thirty-four patients who were actively experiencing pain willingly participated in this study. The Heft Parker (HP) visual analog scale (VAS) was used to record the initial pain intensity. Patients were randomly allocated to receive a placebo, 10 mg of ketorolac, and 650 mg of paracetamol. The standard inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) was administered to all patients using 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 adrenaline after one hour of medication. After 15 min, the patient was instructed to rate the discomfort during each step of the treatment procedure, such as access to remaining dentin, access to the pulp chamber, and during canal instrumentation on the HP VAS. IANB was considered successful if the patient reported no or mild pain during access preparation and instrumentation. Moderate or severe pain was classified as a failure of IANB and another method of anesthesia was used before continuing the treatment. @*Results@#The rate of successful anesthesia in the placebo, paracetamol, and ketorolac groups was 29%, 33%, and 43%, respectively, and no statistically significant difference was found between the groups. @*Conclusion@#Preoperative administration of paracetamol or ketorolac did not significantly affect the success rate of IANB in patients with irreversible pulpitis. No significant difference was observed between the paracetamol and ketorolac groups.
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Background/Aims@#Recent studies have reported the favorable outcomes of underwater endoscopic mucosal resection (UEMR) for colorectal polyps. We performed a systematic review and meta-analysis evaluating the efficacy and safety of UEMR for nonpedunculated polyps ≥10 mm. @*Methods@#We performed a comprehensive search of multiple databases (through May 2020) to identify studies reporting the outcomes of UEMR for ≥10 mm nonpedunculated colorectal polyps. The assessed outcomes were recurrence rate on the first follow-up, en bloc resection, incomplete resection, and adverse events after UEMR. @*Results@#A total of 1276 polyps from 16 articles were included in our study. The recurrence rate was 7.3% (95% confidence interval [CI], 4.3–12) and 5.9% (95% CI, 3.6–9.4) for nonpedunculated polyps ≥10 and ≥20 mm, respectively. For nonpedunculated polyps ≥10 mm, the en bloc resection, R0 resection, and incomplete resection rates were 57.7% (95% CI, 42.4–71.6), 58.9% (95% CI, 42.4–73.6), and 1.5% (95% CI, 0.8–2.6), respectively. The rates of pooled adverse events, intraprocedural bleeding, and delayed bleeding were 7.0%, 5.4%, and 2.9%, respectively. The rate of perforation and postpolypectomy syndrome was 0.8%. @*Conclusions@#Our systematic review and meta-analysis demonstrates that UEMR for nonpedunculated colorectal polyps ≥10 mm is safe and effective with a low rate of recurrence.
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Background@#The efficacy of local anesthesia decreases in patients with symptomatic irreversible pulpitis. Therefore, it was proposed that the use of premedication with an anti-inflammatory drug might increase the success rate of pulpal anesthesia in mandibular posterior teeth with vital inflamed pulp. @*Methods@#One hundred thirty-four patients who were actively experiencing pain willingly participated in this study. The Heft Parker (HP) visual analog scale (VAS) was used to record the initial pain intensity. Patients were randomly allocated to receive a placebo, 10 mg of ketorolac, and 650 mg of paracetamol. The standard inferior alveolar nerve block (IANB) was administered to all patients using 2% lidocaine with 1:200,000 adrenaline after one hour of medication. After 15 min, the patient was instructed to rate the discomfort during each step of the treatment procedure, such as access to remaining dentin, access to the pulp chamber, and during canal instrumentation on the HP VAS. IANB was considered successful if the patient reported no or mild pain during access preparation and instrumentation. Moderate or severe pain was classified as a failure of IANB and another method of anesthesia was used before continuing the treatment. @*Results@#The rate of successful anesthesia in the placebo, paracetamol, and ketorolac groups was 29%, 33%, and 43%, respectively, and no statistically significant difference was found between the groups. @*Conclusion@#Preoperative administration of paracetamol or ketorolac did not significantly affect the success rate of IANB in patients with irreversible pulpitis. No significant difference was observed between the paracetamol and ketorolac groups.
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Background: Hepatitis virus infections have many serious consequences like chronic hepatitis, fulminant hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma and liver cancer. Serological test is thus necessary to identify hepatitis virus in the body. An observational study was conducted with an objective to detect hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) antibodies by rapid card tests and to find the prevalence of co-infection with hepatitis B and hepatitis C viruses from January 2019 to June 2019.Methods: Blood samples were received from patients irrespective of age and sex, constituted the material for the present study. All samples were tested on hepacard and tri-dot card for the detection of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis C virus and results were interpreted as per Clinical Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines.Results: Out of 3488 samples, 254 samples were positive for hepatitis virus infection. Out of these 254 samples positive for hepatitis viruses, 22 (0.6%) patients were positive for hepatitis B virus and 232 (6.6%) patients were positive for hepatitis C virus. Only 2 (0.7%) of these patients showed co-infection with both viruses.Conclusions: Male patients showed more positivity of hepatitis virus as compared to females. Patients were more from outpatient department (OPD) as compared to inpatient department (IPD). Hepatitis virus infection was found to be highest in the age group 21-40 and lowest in the age group above 80 years. Both the co-infected patients were males and from IPD.
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Aim: The aim of the study was to evaluate the comparative effect of Ornigreat gel and Hexigel as a local drug delivery system in association with scaling and root planing (SRP) in patients with chronic periodontitis. Materials and Methods: A double-blind trial was conducted to test the comparative efficacy of the two commercially available Ornigreat gel and Hexigel at Indira Gandhi Govt. Dental College and Hospital, Jammu. These indices were recorded at baseline (“0 day”), 15th day, 30th day, 60th day, and 90th day in 40 sites, >4 mm pockets in 11 patients among which 20 sites received Ornigreat gel and other 20 sites receive Hexigel following SRP were compared. Results: The results of the study showed that the combination of SRP and Ornigreat gel therapy was more effective in reducing the mean values of gingival index and sulcus bleeding index though not statistically significant, but the values of plaque index showed statistical significance on the 60th day and 90th day, and the probing pocket depths showed statistically significant difference from the 15th day to the 90th day at P < 0.05 in comparison with Hexigel. Conclusion: The Ornigreat gel could be an efficient local drug delivery system when used in adjunct to SRP in comparison with Hexigel.
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Bovine tuberculosis, a chronic disease of animals is caused by species of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) and it remains a potential threat to animals as well as humans. Differentiation of the species of MTC is required for epidemiological and diagnostic purpose. The present study evaluated the presence of different species of MTC in bovines using gyrB-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. In this study, blood and milk samples from 50 milch animals which were positive reactors of comparative intradermal tuberculin test were collected. Screening of MTC was done by IS6110-PCR using primers INS1/INS2 specific for MTC. The positive samples were further identified using gyrB- Restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis. Out of 50 positive reactors to CITT, only 4 (8%) animal were positive for MTC by IS6110-PCR. And gyrB-RFLP analysis using RsaI and SacII showed two positive for M. bovis and two animals for M. tuberculosis. Thus, gyrB-RFLP could be used as an additional tool in differential diagnosis of mycobacterial diseases thereby able to differentiate species of MTC
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The fresh tissues were collected from five pigs of either sex and processed for histomorphological studies. The gland was located on dorso-lateral aspect of the eye in the orbital cavity. The gland was multilobar tubulo-acinar with predominance of acini. It was covered by a thick connective tissue capsule and connective tissue septa, which penetrate into the glandular parenchyma and divided the gland into lobes and lobules. The acini were of mixed type but predominantly sero-mucous in nature. The secretory units were followed by a duct system. The excretory duct system was made up of intercalated, intralobular, interlobular and large excretory ducts. The strong presence of glycogen in the acini was demonstrated with the help PAS (McManus’) stain. The ducts showed very weak reaction for the presence of glycogen but goblet cells in the stratified ducts showed strong positive reaction for PAS. The acini showed strong reaction for acidic mucosubstances with PAS-AB. The goblet cells in the stratified ducts also showed strong positive activity towards the PAS-AB. The intense activity towards the Alcian blue showed presence of sialomucins and hyaluronic acids in glandular parenchyma of the lacrimal gland