Nutritional status of patients with chronic kidney disease in Iran: a narrative review

Background: Chronic kidney disease [CKD] is a progressive condition that affects many aspects of patient's life with adverse outcomes of kidney failure, cardiovascular disease [CVD], and premature death. Malnutrition is a relatively common problem in these patients that may be the result of inadequate intake, increased catabolism, or loss of nutrients in the dialysis. The aim of this study was to review the nutritional status and requirements of CKD patients in Iran using previous studies

Methods: Search engines including PubMed, Scopus, Embase, Science Direct, Google scholar, Magiran, and scientific information database [SID] were applied with keywords such as chronic kidney disease, malnutrition, renal disease, end stage renal disease, nutritional deficiency, malnutrition, quality of life, vitamin deficiency, wasting, and Iran to find related articles published up to 2016

Results: The persistence of malnutrition increases susceptibility to infectious and cardiovascular diseases, delays wound healing, and finally increases morbidity and mortality

Conclusion: Considering the importance of nutritional status in patients with chronic kidney disease, it is necessary to design and development of more effective strategies to optimize nutritional status of these patients

Nutrition and oral health: experiences in Iran

Background: Oral health is a crucial factor for overall well-being and there is a mutual relationship between nutrition and oral health. The aim of this study was to review the publications which have examined the association between nutrition or diet and oral health status or oral disease in Iran

Methods: The electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, Google scholar, scientific information database [SID], and Magiran were searched using key words of diet, nutrition, oral health, oral disease, and Iran to reach the related articles published up to 2016. The English and Persian articles with cross-sectional, clinical trial, prospective, and case-control designs were selected. The Persian studies were then translated into English. The animal studies were not investigated

Results: The findings showed that nutrition and diet were associated with oral health. However, the majority of studies focused on evaluation of the relation between nutrition and dental caries. Further, a few studies were conducted on the association between nutrition and other oral problems such as periodontal disease or oral cancer. Moreover, the limited nutritional or dietary factors were investigated in the literature

Conclusions: Nutrition and diet are related to oral health and prevention of oral disease. Further studies are therefore recommended to evaluate the association between nutrition and oral health with considering various dietary or nutritional factors and different types of oral problems in Iran

Dietary behaviors of elderly people residing in central iran: a preliminary report of Yazd health study

Introduction: Food habits play important roles in maintaining physical and mental health and preventing chronic illnesses in the elderly. The aim of the present study was to investigate dietary behaviors of elderly people residing in Yazd city which is located in central Iran

Methods: The present analysis was conducted on 1684 participants entered to Yazd Health Study aged over 60 years during 2014-2015. Demographic characteristics, health status, physical activity, economic status, education and dietary behaviors were collected by using a validated questionnaire

Results: Our analysis revealed that only 1.2% of the elderly consumed more than two servings of dairy per day. Furthermore only 3 and 9.8 percent of elders consumed more than three servings/day of vegetables and fruits, respectively. The study also showed that 22.9% ate more than five servings of sugar per day, 22.5% took more than four units of legumes weekly, 56.1% ate two to three servings of poultry per week, 77% reported eating fast foods for at least once a week, 47.8% consumed canned foods less than once a week of and 86.3% reported taking breakfast for at least five times a week. For cooking 18.9% of elderly still use hydrogenated vegetable oils, 52.8% of the elderly did not separate visible fats from red meat before cooking, 65.8% chose high-fat dairy and 24% of older people reported using frying and grilling as their primary cooking method. Our findings also suggest that dietary behavior is different between elder men and women

Conclusion: Unhealthy dietary habits, including low vegetables, fruits and dairy products intake, are highly prevalent among elderly people residing in Yazd. Community based interventions targeting this age group, in order to improve their dietary intake, are highly recommended

Prevalence of metabolic syndrome in adult females: comparison between Iranian national definition and currently used international criteria

Background: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome [MetS] is increasing worldwide. Limited data are available trying to compare different definitions suggested to identify MetS. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of MetS and its components based on currently available international and Iranian national definitions

Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted in 2015 amongfemale teachers residing in Yazd city. Demographic data and information on physical activity, participants, education, economic statusand number of deliveries were gathered using self-administered questionnaires. Anthropometric measurements and serum lipid profile were assessed according to standard procedures. MetS was defined based on international diabetes federation [IDF], national cholesterol education program; adult treatment panel III [NCEP, ATPIII], and Iranian national definition

Results: A total number of 450 participants aged 40.60 +/- 8.25 y were included in this analysis. Prevalence of MetS based on ATPIII definition, IDF definition, and Iranian modified definition were 39.11%, 40.89%, and 31.11%, respectively. Prevalence of MetS among women aged over 50 y was more than those aged 20-50 y [P < 0.001]. Based on different definitions, women with higher physical activity had lower prevalence of MetS [base on ATPIII, P = 0.036]. Prevalence of MetS also was higher in women with more deliveries [for three definitions, P < 0.001]

Conclusions: The prevalence of MetS was high in female teachers living in central province of Iran. It seems that ATPIII and Iranian national criteria can better represent the differences in the prevalence of MetS. Large scale prospective studies are recommended to confirm our results

Effect of low-fat milk consumption compared to apple juice and water on the energy intake among 10-12-year-old obese boys: a three-way cross-over clinical trial

Appetite lowering characteristics of dairy have attracted scientists to look for its effect on energy intake particularly among children. In the present study, we tried to assess the effect of low-fat milk on total and short-term energy intake among obese boys in a randomized three-way cross-over clinical trial. A total of 34 obese 10-12-year-old boys were randomized to consume three beverages [low-fat milk, apple juice, or water] with a fixed energy breakfast for two consecutive days, 1 week apart. Ad libitumlunch was provided for subjects 5 h later. The energy intake from breakfast till lunch and total energy intake on intervention days, and 2 days after intervention were compared. Generalized linear model repeated measures procedure in which test beverages were considered as repeated factors. Energy intake from breakfast till lunch was lower when low-fat milk consumption was included in the breakfast compared with water and apple juice [adjusted mean +/- standard error: Low-fat milk = 1484.33 +/- 15.30 Kcal, apple juice = 1543.39 +/- 20.70 Kcal, water = 1606.6 +/- 19.94 Kcal; P < 0.05]. The energy intake on a day before interventions, total energy intake on intervention days, and 2 days after intervention was not statistically different between intervention periods [P > 0.05]. One serving of low-fat milk might affect the energy intake in a short-term period. The possible effect of frequent consumption of dairy products on long-term energy intake among children is needed to be examined

Underweight, overweight and obesity among Zaboli adolescents: a comparison between international and Iranians' national criteria

Obesity and overweight are the major health problems in Iran. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of overweight and obesity among adolescents living in Zabol settled in Sistan va Baluchistan, one of economically underprivileged provinces in South Eastern of Iran, based on four different definitions. This cross sectional study was accomplished among a sample of 837 Zaboli adolescents [483 males; 354 females] aged 11-15 years. Anthropometric measurements including weight and height were measured and body mass index [BMI] was calculated. Sex-specific BMI-for-age reference data of the Iranian national data, Centers for Disease Control data [CDC 2000], International Obesity Task Force data [IOTF] and recent World Health Organization [WHO] data was used to define overweight and obesity. Mean age of the studied population was 13.14 year. Underweight was prevalent among almost 18.7% and 18.4% of adolescents by the use of WHO 2007 and CDC 2000 cut-off points. The prevalence rates reached 25.8% and 27.2% by IOTF and Iranian national criteria, respectively. The highest prevalence of overweight was obtained by IOTF cut-points [10.8%] followed by CDC 2000 criteria [9.4%], WHO 2007 [8.8%] while national Iranian cut-points resulted in the lowest prevalence [2.4%]. 7.5% of the studied population were found to be obese by WHO 2007 definition, while this rate was 2.2%, 3.4% and 1.5% by IOTF, CDC 2000 and national Iranian cut-points. Almost all definitions revealed coexistence of underweight, overweight, and obesity among Zaboli adolescents. Huge differences exist between different criteria. To understand the best appropriate criteria for Iranian adolescents, future studies should focus on the predictability of obesity-related co-morbidities by these criteria

[ association between household food insecurity and childhood obesity among Iranian school-aged children in Farokhshahr]

Although individuals with food insecurity might be expected to have reduced food intake, and thus reduced body fat and less likelihood of being overweight, these associations have not been adequately studied. This study aimed to examine the relationship between household food insecurity and childhood obesity among school-age children in an Iranian population [Farokhshahr city]. In this cross-sectional study, 314 school children aged 6-12 years were selected by the use of a multi-stage cluster random sampling method. Food insecurity was assessed by the use of a validated Radimer-Cornell questionnaire. Participants were categorized separately by sex as "food secure", "having household food insecurity", "Adult food insecurity", and "child hunger". Underweight, overweight and obesity were defined based on four available cut-points [IOTF, CDC, WHO and National]. The associations were looked for in different models adjusting for confounders. Anthropometric measures and food insecurity data were assessed in 310 participants of the study. No significant associations were found between food insecurity and obesity, either before or after control for confounding variables. This was the case for all definitions of overweight and obesity. Food insecurity was not associated with weight status in this sample of students. Additional research with more samples is needed to explore this relationship