Association of the use of bacterial cell wall synthesis Inhibitor drugsin early childhood with the Developmental Defects of Enamel

Our objective of the study was to determine the association between frequent use of Penicillins and Cephalosporins with developmental defects of enamel in pediatric age group. This is a cross sectional study, conducted at Ziauddin University. A total of 367 children, having the history of either Penicillin or Cephalosporin exposure were included. The parents of children were asked to complete a questionnaire related to disease and drug history. Dental examination was carried out to assess the hypomineralization in tooth enamel based on modified Developmental Defects of Enamel [DDE] index. Out of 367 children, 124 [34%] were males and females were 243[66%]. In the study group 22.6% [n= 83] of children were found to be hypomineralized. The maximum type of teeth defects were diffused opacities that was 12.0% [n=44]. The statistically significant association [p-value < 0.05] was found between frequency of antibiotic use and hypomineralization for most teeth. Children who were exposed to either Penicillins or Cephalosporin in early childhood showed significant [p-value < 0.002] hypomineralized enamel. This study concludes that frequent use of antibiotics such as penicillins and cephalosporins has positive association with enamel hypomineralization in developing tooth structure

Effect of glycemic control on periodontal status

To assess the association between glycemic control and the periodontal status of an urban population with poor oral hygiene. Cross-sectional study. Memon Dental Care Centre and Memon Diabetic and Diagnostic Centre, Karachi, from July to December 2010. One hundred and forty-one individuals with controlled diabetes and 143 with uncontrolled diabetes were recruited from the dental clinic. All underwent clinical examination and grades on plaque index, gingival index, periodontal index and calculus index were recorded and compared. The group with uncontrolled diabetes included 56 males [38.9%] and 88 females [61.1%], and the controlled diabetic group included 49 males [34.8%] and 92 females [65.2%]. Periodontal index, gingival index and plaque index showed significant differences in both the groups [p-value < 0.016, < 0.001, < 0.002, respectively] while the difference of calculus was not significant i.e. 0.056. The mean number of teeth present in both the groups was 22. Most of the subjects cleaned their teeth once daily with the help of tooth brush, while the patients brushing twice daily were 16%. Uncontrolled diabetes had significantly severe impact on periodontal status in the studied groups with poor oral hygiene; diabetic patients have more number of missing teeth, and more plaque