Establishment and application of the ten-fold rehydration formula for emergency resuscitation of pediatric patients after extensive burns / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective: To investigate the scientificity and feasibility of the ten-fold rehydration formula for emergency resuscitation of pediatric patients after extensive burns. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted. The total burn area of 30%-100% total body surface area (TBSA) and body weight of 6-50 kg in 433 pediatric patients (250 males and 183 females, aged 3 months to 14 years) with extensive burns who met the inclusion criteria and admitted to the burn departments of 72 Class A tertiary hospitals were collected. The 6 319 pairs of simulated data were constructed after pairing each body weight of 6-50 kg (programmed in steps of 0.5 kg) and each total burn area of 30%-100% TBSA (programmed in steps of 1%TBSA). They were put into three accepted pediatric rehydration formulae, namely the commonly used domestic pediatric rehydration formula for burn patients (hereinafter referred to as the domestic rehydration formula), the Galveston formula, and the Cincinnati formula, and the two rehydration formulae for pediatric emergency, namely the simplified resuscitation formula for emergency care of patients with extensive burns proposed by the World Health Organization's Technical Working Group on Burns (TWGB, hereinafter referred to as the TWGB formula) and the pediatric ten-fold rehydration formula proposed by the author of this article--rehydration rate (mL/h)=body weight (kg) × 10 (mL·kg-1·h-1) to calculate the rehydration rate within 8 h post injury (hereinafter referred to as the rehydration rate). The range of the results of the 3 accepted pediatric rehydration formulae ±20% were regarded as the reasonable rehydration rate, and the accuracy rates of rehydration rate calculated using the two pediatric emergency rehydration formulae were compared. Using the maximum burn areas (55% and 85% TBSA) corresponding to the reasonable rehydration rate calculated by the pediatric ten-fold rehydration formula at the body weight of 6 and 50 kg respectively, the total burn area of 30% to 100% TBSA was divided into 3 segments and the accuracy rates of the rehydration rate calculated using the 2 pediatric emergency rehydration formulae in each segment were compared. When neither of the rehydration rates calculated by the 2 pediatric emergency rehydration formulae was reasonable, the differences between the two rehydration rates were compared. The distribution of 433 pediatric patients in the 3 previous total burn area segments was counted and the accuracy rates of the rehydration rate calculated using the 2 pediatric emergency rehydration formulae were calculated and compared. Data were statistically analyzed with McNemar test. Results: Substitution of 6 319 pairs of simulated data showed that the accuracy rates of the rehydration rates calculated by the pediatric ten-fold rehydration formula was 73.92% (4 671/6 319), which was significantly higher than 4.02% (254/6 319) of the TWGB formula (χ2=6 490.88,P<0.05). When the total burn area was 30%-55% and 56%-85% TBSA, the accuracy rates of the rehydration rates calculated by the pediatric ten-fold rehydration formula were 100% (2 314/2 314) and 88.28% (2 357/2 670), respectively, which were significantly higher than 10.98% (254/2 314) and 0 (0/2 670) of the TWGB formula (with χ2 values of 3 712.49 and 4 227.97, respectively, P<0.05); when the total burn area was 86%-100% TBSA, the accuracy rates of the rehydration rates calculated by the pediatric ten-fold rehydration formula and the TWGB formula were 0 (0/1 335). When the rehydration rates calculated by the 2 pediatric emergency rehydration formulae were unreasonable, the rehydration rates calculated by the pediatric ten-fold rehydration formula were all higher than those of the TWGB formula. There were 93.07% (403/433), 5.77% (25/433), and 1.15% (5/433) patients in the 433 pediatric patients had total burn area of 30%-55%, 56%-85%, and 86%-100% TBSA, respectively, and the accuracy rate of the rehydration rate calculated using the pediatric ten-fold rehydration formula was 97.69% (423/433), which was significantly higher than 0 (0/433) of the TWGB formula (χ2=826.90, P<0.05). Conclusions: The application of the pediatric ten-fold rehydration formula to estimate the rehydration rate of pediatric patients after extensive burns is more accurate and convenient, superior to the TWGB formula, suitable for application by front-line healthcare workers that are not specialized in burns in pre-admission rescue of pediatric patients with extensive burns, and is worthy of promotion.

Establishment and application of the tenfold rehydration formula for emergency resuscitation of adult patients after extensive burns / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective: To explore the scientificity and feasibility of the tenfold rehydration formula for emergency resuscitation of adult patients after extensive burns. Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted. The total burn area (30%-100% total body surface area (TBSA)) and body weight (45-135 kg) of 170 adult patients (135 males and 35 females, aged (42±14) years) with extensive burns admitted to the Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital from December 2016 to December 2019 were collected. The 6 461 pairs of simulated data obtained after pairing each body weight in 45 to 135 kg (programmed in steps of 1 kg) with each area in 30% to 100% TBSA (programmed in steps of 1%TBSA) were plugged into four recognized rehydration formulas--Parkland's formula, Brooke's formula, the 304th PLA Hospital formula, and the Third Military Medical University formula and two emergency rehydration formulas--the simplified first aid resuscitation plan for extensive burn patients proposed by the World Health Organization's Technical Working Group on Burns (TWGB, hereinafter referred to as the TWGB formula) and the tenfold rehydration formula proposed by the author of this article to calculate the rehydration rate within 8 hours after injury (hereinafter referred to as the rehydration rate), with results being displayed by a programming step of 10%TBSA for the total burn area. Taking the calculation results of four recognized rehydration formulas as the reasonable rehydration rate, the accuracy of rehydration rates calculated by two emergency rehydration formulas were calculated and compared. The body weight of 45-135 kg was divided into three segments by the results of maximum body weight at a reasonable rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula when the total burn area was 30% and 100% TBSA, respectively. The accuracy of rehydration rate calculated by two emergency rehydration formulas in each body weight segment was compared. When the rehydration rates calculated by two emergency rehydration formulas were unreasonable, the differences in rehydration rates between the two were compared. Statistical distribution of the aforementioned three body weight segments in the aforementioned 170 patients was counted. Using the total burn area and body weight data of the aforementioned 170 patients, the accuracy of rehydration rate calculated by two emergency rehydration formulas was calculated and compared as before. Data were statistically analyzed with McNemar test. Results: When the total burn area was 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, and 100% TBSA, respectively, and the body weight was 45-135 kg, the rehydration rates calculated by two emergency rehydration formulas did not exceed the maximum of the calculated results of four recognized rehydration formulas; the rehydration rate calculated by the TWGB formula did not change accordingly with total burn area, while the rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula did not change accordingly with body weight. Substituting 6 461 pairs of simulated data showed that the accuracy of rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula was 43.09% (2 784/6 461), which was significantly higher than 2.07% (134/6 461) of the TWGB formula, χ2=2 404.80, P<0.01. When the body weights were 45-62 kg and 63-93 kg, the accuracy rates of rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula were 100% (1 278/1 278) and 68.42% (1 506/2 201), respectively, which were significantly higher than 0 (0/1 278) and 0.05% (1/2 201) of the TWGB formula, χ2=1 276.00, 1 501.01, P<0.01; when the body weight was 94-135 kg, the accuracy rate of rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula was 0 (0/2 982), which was significantly lower than 4.46% (133/2 982) of the TWGB formula, χ2=131.01, P<0.01. When the rehydration rates calculated by two emergency rehydration formulas were both unreasonable, the rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula was greater than that calculated by the TWGB formula in most cases, accounting for 79.3% (2 808/3 543). Among the 170 patients, the proportions of those weighing 45-62, 63-93, and 94-135 kg were 25.29% (43/170), 65.88% (112/170), and 8.82% (15/170), respectively. Among the 170 patients, the accuracy rate of rehydration rate calculated by the tenfold rehydration formula was 69.41% (118/170), which was significantly higher than 3.53% (6/170) of the TWGB formula, χ2=99.36, P<0.01. Conclusions: Applying the tenfold rehydration formula to calculate the emergency rehydration rate in adults after extensive burns is simpler than four recognized rehydration formulas, and is superior to the TWGB formula. The tenfold rehydration formula is suitable for the front-line medical staffs that are not specialized in burns in pre-admission rescue of adult patients with extensive burns, which is worth popularizing.

Preliminary discussion on the prevention and treatment of shock after severe burns / 中华烧伤杂志

Shock is one of the most common complications and one of the main causes of death after severe burns. The prevention and treatment of shock runs through the whole process of severe burn treatment. Shocks after severe burns, based on their causes, are mainly classified as follows: hypovolemic shock characterized by elevated hematocrit, also known as burn shock, and caused by serious leakage of intravascular fluid to body surface and interstitial spaces in the early stage of burns; hemorrhagic shock caused by large scale of incision and tension reduction, gastrointestinal stress ulcer, or large area of escharectomy and tangential excision surgery; septic shock caused by various microbial invasion; anaphylactic shock caused by infusion of drugs or blood. From the perspective of the reduction of effective circulating volume, burn shock and hemorrhagic shock are hypovolemic shocks, and septic shock and anaphylactic shock are vasodilatory shocks. As the aforementioned shocks vary in terms of occurrence timing, occurrence mechanism, and clinical manifestations, individualized strategies should be adopted for the prevention and treatment.

Effects of light quality on growth and icariin flavonoid content of Epimedium pseudowushanense under different light intensity / 中国中药杂志

In this study, the growth index including plant height, compound leaf area, specific leaf area, leaf water content, number of branches, and leaf biomass per plant and the icariin flavonoids such as epimedin A, epimedin B, epimedin C and icariin of Epimedium pseudowushanense were determined on 30 d and 60 d under light intensity(18.2±2.5) μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)(L1) and(90.9 ±2.5) μmol·m~(-2)·s~(-1)(L2), and white light as control, red light, blue light and yellow light were used as three light quality treatments, to study the effect of light quality on the growth and flavonoids accumulation of E. pseudowushanense. The E. pseudowushanense was sui-table for growth under L1 light intensity, the blue light treatment significantly reduced the leaf area, but had little effect on the stem height, the red light treatment and the yellow light treatment had no obvious effect on the stem height and leaf area, but the yellow light treatment significantly increased the germination of new branches, and had a sustained promoting effect, and the biomass was significantly higher than the white light treatment at 60 d. The content of icariin flavonoids in red light, blue light and yellow light treatment was higher than that in white light treatment at 30 d and 60 d under L1 light intensity, while yellow light treatment promoted the synthesis of icariin flavonoids to the largest extent, which was 1.8 and 1.9 times of white light treatment(30 d and 60 d).Under L2 light intensity, the effect of strong light on promoting stem germination became the main factor, while the yellow light treatment showed no significant effect on promoting stem germination, and the red light treatment exhibited a significant effect on reducing leaf area. Icariin flavonoids under red light, blue light and yellow light treatment were all lower than that under white light treatment, that is, the effect of white light treatment on the synthesis of icariin flavonoids is better than red light, blue light and yellow light treatment. When the time of strong light treatment was longer, the degradation range of icariin flavonoids in other light treatment appeared, while red light treatment promotes the synthesis of icariin flavonoids. Therefore, the influence of light quality on E. pseudowushanense is quite different under different light intensity, no matter from growth index or flavonoid content index. The results support that the biomass and icariin flavonoid content can be increased by providing appropriate red and yellow light.

Establishment of a method for repairing extremities with extensively deep burn using fresh allogeneic scalp and autologous microskin and observation of its effect / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective@#To establish a method for repairing extremities with extensively deep burn using large piece of fresh allogeneic scalp spliced by Meek glue combined with autologous microskin and observe its effect.@*Methods@#Medical records of two male patients with extremely extensive deep burn admitted to our hospital from May to November in 2018 were retrospectively analyzed. Two patients aged 44 and 25 years respectively, with total burn area of 90% and 97% total body surface area (TBSA) and full-thickness burn area of 85% and 70% TBSA, respectively. Preoperatively, the surgical area on the extremities was calculated to estimate the necessary amount of allogeneic scalp and Meek miniature skin. The large piece of fresh allogeneic scalp spliced by Meek glue combined with autologous microskin was prepared according to the methods described as follows. Thin medium-thickness fresh scalps with 3% TBSA and 0.30-0.35 mm in depth were harvested from each donor and spliced into a large piece with epidermis upward by spraying Meek glue. Then the spliced scalp was punched after covered with a single-layer gauze. Autologous microskin was transported onto the dermis of fresh large piece of allogeneic scalp by traditional floating method. Bilateral extremities with full-thickness burn of two patients were selected for self-control. The left upper extremity was denoted as treatment group while the right upper extremity was denoted as control group in Patient 1. The right lower extremity was denoted as treatment group while the left lower extremity was denoted as control group in Patient 2. Wounds in the treatment group were treated with fresh large piece of allogeneic scalp spliced by Meek glue and autologous microskin with expansion ratio of 1∶15 after escharectomy, while wounds in control group received grafting of Meek miniature skin with expansion ratio of 1∶6 and or 1∶9 after escharectomy. The donors of allogeneic scalp were 32 males who were the relatives or friends of the patients, aged 21-50 years, with scalp area of (548±48) cm2. The healing conditions of donor sites of scalp were observed on post operation day 10, and were followed up within 3 months after operation to observe whether forming alopecia and hypertrophic scar or not. Wound healing condition was evaluated during follow-up in post operation week (POW) 2-5 and 4 months after operation. Wound coverage rates were calculated in both treatment and control groups in POW 2, 3, 4, and 5.@*Results@#The donor sites of all allogeneic scalp of donors healed completely on post operation day 10. There was no alopecia or hypertrophic scar within 3 months after operation for follow-up. In POW 2, allogeneic scalp grafts basically survived in treatment group without obvious exudation, and most of the Meek miniature skin survived in control group with obvious exudation. Part of allogeneic scalp grafts dissolved and detached in treatment group in POW 3, and the surviving grafts scabbed. The eschar detached and new epithelium was observed in treatment group in POW 4 and 5. In POW 3-5, surviving Meek miniature skin in control group creeped and was incorporated, and the wounds shrank. Hypertrophic scar was observed in both treatment and control groups 4 months after operation, without obvious difference in scar as a whole. The wound coverage rates were respectively 84%-98% and 76%-92% in treatment group of two patients in POW 2-5, close to or higher than those of control group (35%-97% and 28%-81%, respectively).@*Conclusions@#The study establishes a novel method for splicing fresh allogeneic scalps into a large piece as the covering of microskin, which has good effect for repairing extensively deep burn wounds. Considering that allogeneic skin is scarce, this method may be a new option in clinical treatment for extensively deep burn patients.

Application of allogeneic skin in burn surgery / 中华烧伤杂志

Allogeneic skin grafting has a history of nearly 150 years and is one of the key measures to repair extensive deep burn wounds. Allogeneic skin survives temporarily to cover the wound, providing a valuable opportunity for the ultimate wound repair using autografts. As the main methods for the repair of extensive deep burn wounds in China, both the microskin grafting technique and inlay skin grafting technique are based on allogeneic skin grafting. Since allogeneic skin is hardly available in recent years, many burn centers are in extreme lack of allogeneic skin, which seriously hampers clinical burn care. Organ Procurement Organization and allogeneic skin banks may be legal means of solving the problems of source and quality of allogeneic skin, and the successful development of ideal engineered skin is the fundamental solution to burn care without allogeneic skin grafting in the future.

Research progress and application of MEEK micrografting technique / 解放军医学杂志

Wound coverage in early stage is the key of extensive burn treatment.Meek micro skin grafting technique plays an important role for wound coverage in extensive burn injury.There are several advantages by using the Meek technique,such as high expanding ratio,shorter operation time,lower incidence of infection,shorter time of repairing wound,lower cost of unit area repair.Meek technique is worth popularizing for these advantages in extensive burn wound repair,however,it could not replace other skin grafts methods.This article reviews the research progress and clinical application of Meek Technique.

The relation between serum cholinesterase level and both the disease progress and prognosis of massively burned patients:a retrospective study / 解放军医学杂志

Objective To observe the dynamic change of serum cholinesterase (ChE) activity in severely burned patients,analyze the correlation between serum cholinesterase activity and both the severity and prognosis of burn injury.Methods The clinical data of 203 patients with large area burn (TBSA ＞30％) were collected from the Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery,First Affiliated Hospital of PLA General Hospital from January 2014 to December 2016 and the data of 30 healthy subjects as control group were retrospectively analyzed.According to the total burn area,these patients were divided into 3 groups:30％-49％ TBSA group (n=77),50％-79％ TBSA group (n=70),more than 80％ TBSA group (n=56).The serum was extracted from the two groups at 1,3,5,7,9,11,14,21,28,35 and 42 days after injury.Serum ChE activity was compared between the patients and the controls,and between the patient groups.The comparisons were also conducted between the 3 patient groups on the altitude of the decrease in serum ChE activity 21 days after injury,when the serum ChE activity reached the lowest level after injury,and the correlation between the burn area and the serum ChE activity was analyzed at each time point.In addition,according to the prognosis,the patients were divided into the survival group (n=172) and the death group (n=31).The serum ChE activity at each time point and the range of serum ChE activity decrease on day 21 and day 28 after injurywere compared between the two groups.Results 1)The serum ChE activity was lower in the patient groups than in the control group (8.18 ± 1.15kU/L) at all the time points observed except the first day after injury (P＜0.01).2) On the 21st and 28th days after injury,the serum AhE activity was higher in 30％-49％TBSA group than in the 50％-79％ TBSA group and in ≥ 80％ TBSA group,and the activity was higher in 50％-79％ TBSA group than in ≥ 80％ TBSA group (P＜0.05).Pearson correlation analysis on the serum ChE activity and burn area showed a significant positive correlation on day 3,5 and 7 after injury (P＜0.01) and a significant negative correlation on day 14,21 and 28 day after the injury (P＜0.05,P＜0.01),and no significant correlation at the remaining time points (P＞0.05).Up to the 21st day after injury,serum ChE decreased less significantly in 30％-49％ TBSA group (1.18 ± 1.70kU/L) than in 50％-79％ TBSA group (2.20 ± 2.01kU/L)and in ≥80％ TBSA group (3.35 ± 1.89kU/L),and less significantly in 50％-79％ TBSA group than in ≥80％ TBSA group,with statistically significant differences (P＜0.05).3) The serum ChE activity decreased to the lowest value (4.89 ± 1.48kU/L) on day 21 after burn in the survival group and to the lowest value (4.21 ± 1.37kU/L) on day 28 in the death group,with statistically significant difference (P＜0.05).On day 28 after injury,the serum ChE activity was significantly higher (4.92 ± 1.46kU/L) in the survival patients than in the patients died (4.21 ± 1.37kU/L) at the 21st day after injury.On day 21 and 28 after injury,the magnitude of decrease in serum ChE activity was less significant in the survival group (2.26 ± 1.93kU/L and 2.43 ± 1.87kU/L respectively) than in the death group (3.61 ± 2.20kU/L and 4.22 ± 1.94kU/L) (P＜0.05).Conclusions After burn,the activity of serum ChE decreased significantly,and there was a tendency to decrease firstly and increase aftetwards.The activity reached the lowest value on day 21 after injury.The area of burn was negatively correlated with the activity of serum ChE,and this relation was more remarkable on day 14,21 and 28 after injury.The greater the decrease of serum ChE activity,the worse the prognosis of the patients.As such,serum ChE activity has a certain value in reflecting the severity of burn injury and predicting the prognosis of patients.

Study of time selection for treatment of choledocholithiasis and cholecystolithiasis with laparoscopic cholecystectomy after endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography / 中国现代普通外科进展

Objective:Clinical study in the treatment of common bile duct stones combined with ERCP and EST.Methods:the October 2014-2017 year in February for hepatobiliary surgery inour hospital after ERCP combined with LC in the treatment of patients with cholecystolithiasis and choledocholithiasis in 158 cases.According to ERCP postoperative LC interval difference divided into ERCP definite operation LC group(104 cases) and ERCP Elective operation LC surgery group(54 cases).The definite operation for ERCP LC group is LC line 24h-72h,another is the patients were givenLC for 3 months after ERCP.The clinical efficacy,LC operation time,hemorrhage,the gallstone is discharged into the bile duct,recurrent cholecystitis,bile leakage,length of stay and medical fee were compared between the two groups (ERCP definite operation LC group of single hospitalization time;ERCP Elective operation LC surgery group of two hospital hours together),average ERCP times,medical expenses.Results:all of the two groups were cured after operation.length of sta is long and medical expensive which was selected a time to do (P＜0.05).Conclusion:ERCP definite operation of LC group in the treatment of common bile duct stones and gallbladder stones surgery is safe,less medical expenses,hospitalization time is short,patients recover quickly,the burden is small.

Sixty years′ innovative development of the Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery of the Fourth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital / 中华烧伤杂志

The Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery of the Fouth Medical Center of PLA General Hospital (the former 304th hospital of PLA) was established in 1958 as one of the earliest specialized burn departments in China. In the pioneering efforts of professor Sheng Zhiyong, an internationally renowned authority in burn surgery and an academician of the Chinese Academy of Engineering, several generations of the department represented by Zhu Zhaoming, GuoZhenrong, Chai Jiake, Yang Hongming, and Shen Chuan′an have worked hard from inheritance to innovation. The Department of Burns and Plastic Surgery has evolved from a simple treatment-oriented department to a military priority built discipline, a military burn research institute, a national key clinical specialty and a national key discipline which integrates treatment, scientific research, achievement transformation, and talent training. At present, our department has 300 beds in total, and we have our own outpatient and emergency service, registration and toll service, 7 operation rooms, medical cosmetics center, hair transplantation center, rehabilitation and physical exercise center, skin care center, and specialized laboratory. In recent years, we have treated more than 70 000 emergency patients and outpatients every year, admitted over 6 500 inpatients annually, and conducted more than 9 000 operations yearly. Our department ranks among the top in the specialized departments with the same size across the country. Our burn cure rate stands at 99.5%, and 50% lethal area is 98% total body surface area, ranking in the international leading level.

Research on the reliability and validity of postural workload assessment method and the relation to work-related musculoskeletal disorders of workers / 北京大学学报(医学版)

OBJECTIVE@#To form a new assessment method to evaluate postural workload comprehensively analyzing the dynamic and static postural workload for workers during their work process to analyze the reliability and validity, and to study the relation between workers' postural workload and work-related musculoskeletal disorders (WMSDs).@*METHODS@#In the study, 844 workers from electronic and railway vehicle manufacturing factories were selected as subjects investigated by using the China Musculoskeletal Questionnaire (CMQ) to form the postural workload comprehensive assessment method. The Cronbach's α, cluster analysis and factor analysis were used to assess the reliability and validity of the new assessment method. Non-conditional Logistic regression was used to analyze the relation between workers' postural workload and WMSDs.@*RESULTS@#Reliability of the assessment method for postural workload: internal consistency analysis results showed that Cronbach's α was 0.934 and the results of split-half reliability indicated that Spearman-Brown coefficient was 0.881 and the correlation coefficient between the first part and the second was 0.787. Validity of the assessment method for postural workload: the results of cluster analysis indicated that square Euclidean distance between dynamic and static postural workload assessment in the same part or work posture was the shortest. The results of factor analysis showed that 2 components were extracted and the cumulative percentage of variance achieved 65.604%. The postural workload score of the different occupational workers showed significant difference (P<0.05) by covariance analysis. The results of nonconditional Logistic regression indicated that alcohol intake (OR=2.141, 95%CI 1.337-3.428) and obesity (OR=3.408, 95%CI 1.629-7.130) were risk factors for WMSDs. The risk for WMSDs would rise as workers' postural workload rose (OR=1.035, 95%CI 1.022-1.048). There was significant different risk for WMSDs in the different groups of workers distinguished by work type, gender and age. Female workers exhibited a higher prevalence for WMSDs (OR=2.626, 95%CI 1.414-4.879) and workers between 30-40 years of age (OR=1.909, 95%CI 1.237-2.946) as compared with those under 30.@*CONCLUSION@#This method for comprehensively assessing postural workload is reliable and effective when used in assembling workers, and there is certain relation between the postural workload and WMSDs.

Multicenter epidemiological investigation of hospitalized elderly, young and middle-aged patients with severe burn / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective@#To compare and analyze the epidemiological characteristics of hospitalized elderly, young and middle-aged patients with severe burn in recent years, so as to provide reference for the prevention and treatment of elderly patients with severe burn.@*Methods@#Relying on the entry system of epidemiological case data and biological sample of severe burn from multicenter in clinic, medical records of patients with severe burn, aged above 18, hospitalized in 8 burn wards from January 2012 to December 2015 were collected. Six hundred and fifteen patients who were more than 18 years old and less than or equal to 65 years old were included in young and middle-aged group (YM). Eighty-two patients aged more than 65 years old were included in elderly group (E). Data of age, gender, residence, education level, cause of injury, location of injury, season of injury, total burn area, occurrence and area of full-thickness burn injury, wound site, inhalation injury incidence and severity, post burn admission time, proportion of delayed resuscitation, proportion of escharectomy or tangential excision and skin grafting, preinjury systemic disease, system complication during hospitalization, length of hospital stay, outcome of treatment, and reason of abandoning treatment of patients were analyzed. Data were processed with chi-square test and Mann-Whitney U test. The odds ratios of preinjury systemic disease, system complication during hospitalization, and adverse outcome of patients in group YM were compared with those in group E.@*Results@#(1) The majority of patients in the two groups were male, but the proportion of male patients in group YM was higher. There was statistically significant difference in gender distribution of patients between the two groups (χ2=18.727, P<0.001). The majority of patients in the two groups were from rural areas, but the proportion of rural patients in group E was higher. There was statistically significant difference in residence distribution of patients between the two groups (χ2=9.306, P=0.002). Patients in group YM mainly had secondary education, while patients in group E mainly had primary education. There was statistically significant difference in distribution of education level of patients between the two groups (χ2=146.797, P<0.001). (2) The most common causes of injury of patients in the two groups were both flame, but the proportion of patients with flame burn injury in group E was higher. There was statistically significant difference in distribution of cause of injury of patients between the two groups (χ2=25.063, P<0.001). The main locations of injury of patients in groups YM and E were respectively public place and private residence. There was statistically significant difference in location distribution of injury of patients between the two groups (χ2=46.313, P<0.001). The main seasons of injury of patients in groups YM and E were respectively summer and winter. There was statistically significant difference in season distribution of patients between the two groups (χ2=23.143, P<0.001). There was statistically significant difference in distribution of total burn area of patients between the two groups (χ2=25.799, P=0.002). The occurrences of full-thickness burn injury of patients in the two groups were similar (χ2=2.685, P=0.101), while there was statistically significant difference in area of full-thickness burn injury of patients between the two groups (χ2=26.702, P=0.002). There was no statistically significant difference in distribution of wound site of patients between the two groups (χ2=3.954, P=0.785). There were no statistically significant differences in incidence and severity distribution of inhalation injury of patients between the two groups (with χ2 values respectively 0.425 and 0.672, P values above 0.05). (3) There was statistically significant difference in distribution of admission time of patients between the two groups (χ2=6.632, P=0.036), but there was no statistically significant difference in proportion of delayed resuscitation of patients between the two groups (χ2=1.261, P=0.261). The proportion of escharectomy or tangential excision and skin grafting of patients in group YM was 72.0% (443/615), which was significantly higher than 35.4% (29/82) of group E (χ2=44.498, P<0.001). The incidence of preinjury systemic disease of patients in group YM was 13.2% (81/615), which was significantly lower than 61.0% (50/82) of group E (χ2=108.337, P<0.001). The risk of preinjury systemic disease of patients in group E was 10.30 times of that of patients in group YM [with 95% confidence interval (CI) of 6.24-17.01, P<0.001]. During hospitalization, 59.8% (49/82) of patients in group E suffered from system complications, which was significantly higher than 36.6% (225/615) of group YM (χ2=16.282, P<0.001). The risk of system complication of patients in group E was 2.57 times of patients in group YM (with 95% CI of 1.61-4.12, P<0.001). The length of hospital stay of patients in group E was significantly shorter than that of group YM (U=36 735, P<0.001). There was statistically significant difference in treatment outcome of patients between the two groups (χ2=106.251, P<0.001). The risk of adverse outcome of patients in group E was 7.52 times of group YM (with 95% CI of 4.40-12.88, χ2=67.709, P<0.001). The proportion of abandoning treatment of patients in group E was significantly higher than that of group YM (χ2=150.670, P<0.001). The risk of abandoning treatment of patients in group E was 15.86 times of that of group YM (with 95% CI of 9.36-26.88, P<0.001). There was no statistically significant difference in distribution of reason of abandoning treatment of patients between the two groups (χ2=4.178, P=0.243).@*Conclusions@#There were significant differences in the epidemiological characteristics of patients in groups E and YM. In elderly burn patients, the proportion of rural population was higher and the education level was lower. Flame burn was common and burns mostly occurred in private residences and in winter. The total burn area was slightly lower but the area of full-thickness burn injury was larger. The length of hospital stay was shorter and the proportion of surgical treatment was lower. The incidences of preinjury systemic disease and system complication during hospitalization were higher, and therefore the risks of adverse outcome and abandoning treatment were higher.

Effects of scar excision combined with negative-pressure on repair of hypertrophic scar in burn children / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective@#To explore the effects of scar excision combined with negative-pressure on repair of hypertrophic scar in burn children.@*Methods@#From October 2010 to August 2016, 25 children with hypertrophic scar after deep burn were hospitalized, with scar course ranging from 3 months to 11 years and scar area ranging from 35 to 427 [83(51, 98)]cm2. A total of 35 scars of 25 children were located in trunk (11 scars), upper limb (11 scars), and lower limb (13 scars). All children received scar excision operation and negative-pressure treatment (negative-pressure value ranged from -40 to -20 kPa), among which 6 cases received scar excision operation and negative-pressure treatment for two times for further removal of scars. After scar excision, electronic spring scale was used to measure the tension of the incision. The tension value of children ranged from 3.43 to 23.84 [7.16 (5.59, 9.12)] N, and then the incision was closed with appropriate suture according to the value of the tension. The incision with smaller tension was firstly opened on post operation day (POD) 8. After removing the suture, negative-pressure was conducted to POD 14. The incision with larger tension was firstly opened on POD 12. After removing the suture, biological semi-membrane was used to reduce tension to POD 16. All healed incisions were performed with anti-scar treatment for 1 year and relaxation and fixation for 3 months. General condition of the incision was observed after operation. The reduction percentage of scar area was calculated half-year after operation. The Patient and Observer Scar Assessment Scale was used to record the overall score of scar and scar score of trunk, upper limb, and lower limb before operation and half-year after operation. Data were processed with paired t test and Wilcoxon rank sum test.@*Results@#After removing the suture, all incisions of children healed well without redness, effusion, and rupture. Half-year after operation, the appearance and deformity of incision were obviously improved, and the symptoms including pruritus and pain were basically relieved. Half-year after operation, the scar area of children ranged from 0 to 174 [21(9, 47)]cm2, which was significantly decreased as compared with that before operation (Z=-5.16, P<0.05). The reduction percentage of scar area ranged from 36% to 100% [(73±19)%]. Half-year after operation, the overall score of scar and scar score of trunk, upper limb, and lower limb of children were obviously decreased as compared with those before operation (with t values from 6.42 to 17.37, P values below 0.05).@*Conclusions@#Scar excision combined with negative-pressure treatment has a good clinical effect on repair of hypertrophic scar in burn children, which is suitable for clinical application.

Bibliometric analysis of scientific articles on epidemiological study of burns in China / 中华烧伤杂志

Objective@#To analyze the current status of epidemiological study of burns in China, and to explore the related strategies.@*Methods@#Retrospective or cross-sectional scientific articles in Chinese or English on epidemiological study of burns in China published from January 2005 to December 2015 were systemically retrieved from 4 databases. The databases include PubMed, Embase, China Biology Medicine disc, and Chinese Journals Full-text Database. From the results retrieved, data with regard to publication year, journal distribution, number of institutions participated in the study, affiliation of the first author and its location, and admission time span and age of patients in all the scientific articles were collected. Furthermore, the definition of age range and the grouping method of age of pediatric patients in English articles on epidemiological study of pediatric burns of China were recorded. Data were processed with descriptive statistical analysis.@*Results@#A total of 256 scientific articles conforming to the study criteria were retrieved, among which 214 (83.59%) articles were in Chinese, and 42 (16.41%) articles were in English; 242 (94.53%) articles were retrospective studies, and 14 (5.47%) articles were cross-sectional studies. During the 11 years, the number of the relevant articles was fluctuant on the whole. The scientific articles were published in 130 journals, with 42 English articles in source journals for SCIENCE CITATION INDEX EXPANDED-JOURNAL LIST, accounting for 16.41%, and 116 Chinese articles in Source Journal for Chinese Scientific and Technical Papers, accounting for 45.31%. Totally 215 (83.98%) articles were single-center studies, and 29 (11.33%) articles were multicenter studies which were conducted by three or more centers. The number of affiliations of the first author of articles was 161 in total. The top 10 institutions regarding the article publishing number published 58 articles, accounting for 22.66%. Scientific articles on epidemiological study of burns were retrieved with location of affiliation of the first author in 31 provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government in Mainland China, and also in Taiwan Province and Hong Kong Special Administrative Region, among which Shanghai ranked first with 24 (9.38%) articles published. The admission time span of patients in the articles ranged from 3 months to 47 years, with 120 (46.87%) articles from 3 months to 5 years, 79 (30.86%) articles from 6 to 10 years, and 57 (22.27%) articles more than 10 years, respectively. Regarding the age of patients in the study, 123 articles were on epidemiological study of pediatric burns, and 16 articles on epidemiological study of elderly burns, accounting for 48.05% and 6.25%, respectively. Further analysis of articles on epidemiological study of pediatric burns in English showed that there was no standard definition of age range or unified grouping method of age for pediatric burn patients.@*Conclusions@#The epidemiological study of burns in China has been carried out nationwide, but the number of institutions conducted relevant study is not that much, and multicenter epidemiological studies remain scanty. The quality of the articles needs to be further improved. The epidemiological study of elderly burns is relatively deficient and calls for more attention. The epidemiological study of burns in China lacks regularity or continuity in time scope. There is an urgent need for the guideline on classification method for items of epidemiological study of burns in China so as to standardize the related research.

IAP-1 gene silencing enhanced the radiosensitivity of liver cancer SMMC-7721 cells / 中华肝胆外科杂志

Objective To explore the effect of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein1 (cIAP-1) gene on the radiosensitivity of SMMC-7721 cells.Methods We silenced cIAP-1 expressions by the shRNA technology,and then we detected the changes of cell proliferation,cell cycle and cell apoptosis by CCK8 as-say,Western blot,qRT-PCR and flow cytometry after the radiotherapy.Results The cell proliferation rate of liver cancer SMMC-7721 cells at different radiation doses of 1 Gy,4 Gy,7 Gy and 10 Gy was detected.Comparing with control group (pGCsi-H1-control),the cell proliferation in cIAP-1 silencing group (pGCsiH1-shRNA) was significantly reduced at various radiation doses,and the effect was dose-dependent (P ＜ 0.05).G1/G0 phase arrest was observed after radiation (P ＜0.01),and the proportion of cells in S phase was significantly reduced compared with control (P ＜ 0.01).Compared with control group,G1/G0 phase arrest was detected (P ＜ 0.05),and the percentage of cell apoptosis was increased significantly in cIAP-1 silencing group (P ＜ 0.05).Conclusion cIAP-1 silencing can enhance the radiosensitivity of liver cancer cells,and inhibit cell proliferation by promoting the anti-tumor effect of radiation.

Effects of transfection of human epidermal growth factor gene with adenovirus vector on biological characteristics of human epidermal cells / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the suitable transfection condition of human epidermal cells (hECs) with human epidermal growth factor (EGF) gene by adenovirus vector (Ad-hEGF) and its effects on the biological characteristics of hECs.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>hECs were isolated from deprecated human fresh prepuce tissue of circumcision by enzyme digestion method and then sub-cultured. hECs of the third passage were used in the following experiments. (1) Cells were divided into non-transfection group and 5, 20, 50, 100, 150, and 200 fold transfection groups according to the random number table (the same grouping method below), with 3 wells in each group. Cells in non-transfection group were not transfected with Ad-hEGF gene, while cells in the latter six groups were transfected with Ad-hEGF gene in multiplicities of infection (MOI) of 5, 20, 50, 100, 150, and 200 respectively. The morphology of the cells was observed with inverted phase contrast microscope, and expression of green fluorescent protein of the cells was observed with inverted fluorescence microscope at transfection hour (TH) 24, 48, and 72. (2) Another three batches of cells were collected, grouped, and treated as above, respectively. Then the transfection rate of Ad-hEGF gene was detected by flow cytometer (n=3), the mass concentration of EGF in culture supernatant of cells was detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (n=6), and the proliferation activity of cells was detected by cell counting kit 8 (CCK8) and microplate reader (n=6) at TH 24, 48, and 72, respectively. (3) Cells were collected and divided into non-transfection group and transfection group, with 6 wells in each group. Cells in non-transfection group were cultured with culture supernatant of cells without transfection, while cells in transfection group were cultured with culture supernatant of cells which were transfected with Ad-hEGF gene in the optimum MOI (50). CCK8 and microplate reader were used to measure the biological activity of EGF secreted by cells on culture day 1, 3, and 5. (4) Cells were collected and divided into non-transfection group and transfection group, with 12 wells in each group. Cells in non-transfection group were not transfected with Ad-hEGF gene, while cells in transfection group were transfected with Ad-hEGF gene in the optimum MOI (50). The expression levels of cytokeratin 14 (CK14) and CK19 of cells were measured by immunofluorescence staining at TH 24. (5) Cells were collected, grouped, and treated as in (4), with 6 wells in each group. At post scratch hour (PSH) 0 (immediately after scratch), 12, 24, and 48, the migration distance of cells was observed and measured with inverted phase contrast microscope. Data were processed with analysis of variance of factorial design, analysis of variance for repeated measurement, and LSD test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) At TH 24 and 48, morphology of cells in each transfection group and non-transfection group were similar. Compared with that in non-transfection group, the cell debris increased significantly in 200 fold transfection group at TH 72. At TH 24, 48, and 72, the expression of green fluorescent protein was not seen in cells of non-transfection group, whereas it increased in cells of transfection group over transfection time. (2) The transfection rate of Ad-hEGF gene of cells in each transfection group increased gradually over transfection time. At TH 72, the transfection rates of Ad-hEGF gene of cells in 50-200 fold transfection groups were all above 90%, while the transfection rates of Ad-hEGF gene of cells in non-transfection group, 5, and 20 fold transfection groups were (0.51±0.20)%, (62.44±6.23)%, and (75.00±5.43)% respectively, which were obviously lower than the rate in 50 fold transfection group [(93.12±2.55)%, with P values below 0.01]. The mass concentration of EGF in culture supernatant of cells in each transfection group increased gradually over transfection time. At TH 72, the mass concentration of EGF in culture supernatant of cells in 50 fold transfection group was obviously higher than that in each of the other groups (with P values below 0.01). The proliferation activity of cells in each group at TH 24 and 48 was similar (with P values above 0.05). At TH 72, the proliferation activity of cells in 200 fold transfection group was obviously lower than that in other groups (with P values below 0.05). (3) On culture day 1, the biological activity of EGF secreted by cells in two groups was similar (P>0.05). On culture day 3 and 5, the biological activity of EGF secreted by cells in transfection group were obviously higher than that in non-transfection group (with P values below 0.01). (4) At TH 24, the expression levels of CK14 and CK19 of cells in transfection group were higher than those in non-transfection group. (5) The width of scratch in two groups was nearly the same at PSH 0. At PSH 12-48, the migration distance of cells in transfection group was obviously longer than that in non-transfection group (with P values below 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The suitable range of MOI of hECs transfected with Ad-hEGF gene is 50-150, and 50 is the optimum. hECs transfected with Ad-hEGF gene with MOI 50 can effectively express the EGF gene and keep its good abilities of proliferation, differentiation, and migration, as well.</p>

Quadrilobed superior gluteal artery perforator flap for sacrococcygeal defects / 中华医学杂志(英文版)

<p><b>BACKGROUND</b>Perforator flaps are used extensively in repairing soft tissue defects. Superior gluteal artery perforator flaps are used for repairing sacral defects, but the tension required for direct closure of the donor area after harvesting of relatively large flaps carries a risk of postoperative dehiscence. This research was to investigate a modified superior gluteal artery perforator flap for repairing sacrococcygeal soft tissue defects.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>From June 2003 to April 2010, we used our newly designed superior gluteal artery perforator flap for repair of sacrococcygeal soft tissue defects in 10 patients (study group). The wound and donor areas were measured, and the flaps were designed accordingly. Wound healing was assessed over a follow-up period of 6 - 38 months. From January 1998 to February 2003, twelve patients with sacrococcygeal pressure sores were treated with traditional methods, VY advancement flaps or oblong flaps, as control group.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>After debridement, the soft tissue defects ranged from 12 cm × 10 cm to 26 cm × 22 cm (mean 16.3 cm × 13.5 cm). Four patients were treated using right-sided flaps ranging from 15 cm × 11 cm to 25 cm × 20 cm (mean 18.2 cm × 14 cm). Four patients were treated using left-sided flaps, and two were treated using both right- and left-sided flaps. Suction drains were removed on postoperative Days 3 - 21 (mean 5.9) and sutures were removed on postoperative Days 12 - 14. Each flap included 1 - 2 perforators for each of the donor and recipient sites. Donor sites were closed directly. All flaps survived. In eight patients, the wounds healed after single-stage surgery. After further debridement, the wounds of the remaining two patients were considered healed on postoperative Days 26 and 33, respectively. The rate of first intention in the study group (80%, 8/10) significantly increased than that of control group ((25%, 3/12), χ(2) = 4.583, P = 0.032). Follow-up examinations found that the flaps had a soft texture without ulceration. In the two patients without paraplegia, the range of motion of the hip joints was not affected.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The use of the quadrilobed superior gluteal artery perforator flap can overcome the disadvantages of traditional perforator flaps and represents an improved approach for repairing soft tissue defects in the sacrococcygeal region.</p>

Efficacy observation on application of negative pressure therapy in the treatment of superficial partial-thickness scald wound in children / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the effect of negative pressure therapy in the treatment of superficial partial-thickness scald in children.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Three hundred and seven children with superficial partial-thickness scald hospitalized from August 2009 to May 2012 were divided into negative pressure therapy group (NPT, n = 145) and control group (C, n = 162) according to the random number table. Patients in group NPT were treated with negative pressure from within post injury day (PID) 3 to PID 9 (with -16 kPa pressure), while traditional occlusive dressing method was used in group C. Changes in body temperature, wound healing condition, frequency of dressing change were compared between group NPT and group C. Bacterial culture results of wounds were compared before and after treatment in group NPT. Volume of drained transudate per one percent of wound area was recorded in group NPT on PID 1 to PID 3. Data were processed with t test or chi-square test.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>The incidence of high fever was significantly lower in group NPT (26.9%, 39/145) than in group C (63.6%, 103/162, χ(2) = 41.419, P < 0.01). On PID 9, complete wound epithelization was observed in 138 patients in group NPT, and in 7 patients there were a few residual wounds which healed after dressing change for 2 days. The wound healing time of patients in group NPT [(9.2 ± 0.6) d] was obviously shorter than that in group C [(10.1 ± 1.6) d, t = 6.895, P < 0.01]. The frequency of dressing change among patients in group NPT [(2.05 ± 0.22) times] was significantly decreased as compared with that in group C [(4.82 ± 0.81) times, t = 39.878, P < 0.01]. Bacteria were found in wound secretion of seventeen patients in group NPT before treatment, while no bacterium was discovered in all patients after treatment. Volumes of drainage fluid in group NPT were proportional to wound areas, which were respectively (9.8 ± 3.2), (6.2 ± 2.1), (4.1 ± 1.6) mL per one percent of wound area on PID 1, 2, and 3.</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>NPT can decrease times of dressing change, and alleviate infection and inflammatory response by drainage of transudate, which promotes wound healing at last. NPT is proved to be a safe and effective approach for treatment of children with superficial partial-thickness scald.</p>

Structural and functional changes in islet beta cells in severely scalded rats / 中华烧伤杂志

<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To observe the structural and functional changes in islet beta cells in severely scalded rats, and to explore its relationship with dysfunction of glycometabolism.</p><p><b>METHODS</b>Seventy-two Wistar rats were divided into scald (S) group and sham injury (SI) group according to the random number table, with 36 rats in each group. Rats in group S were inflicted with 50%TBSA full-thickness scald by a 12-s immersion of back and a 6-s immersion of abdomen in 94 °C hot water. Rats in group SI were sham injured through immersion of back and abdomen in 37 °C warm water. At post injury hour (PIH) 6 and on post injury day (PID) 3 and 7, plasma glucose level was measured for intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test (IPGTT) in 12 rats of each group, and the area under the curve (AUC) of plasma glucose level was calculated. After the IPGTT, pancreatic tissue was harvested and subjected to a double immunostaining for insulin and cell nuclei to determine the pancreatic insulin-positive area ratio, and the area and number of beta cells in the islets (referred to as "the three indicators in the islets"). Data were processed with the analysis of repeated measures and factorial designed analysis of variance, and LSD test was applied for paired comparison.</p><p><b>RESULTS</b>(1) At PIH 6 and on PID 3, the overall plasma glucose levels of rats in group S before and after injection of glucose and at each time point were obviously higher than those of rats in group SI (with F values of main effects respectively 79.372 and 32.962, P values all below 0.001; with P values of paired comparison below 0.05 or 0.01). On PID 7, the overall plasma glucose levels in the two groups before and after injection of glucose and at each time point were close (with P values all above 0.05). (2) The overall AUC of plasma glucose levels of rats in group S was higher than that of rats in group SI (main effects: F = 337.87, P < 0.01). Compared with those of rats in group SI [(1019 ± 32), (1003 ± 72) mmol·min·L(-1)], the AUCs of plasma glucose levels of rats in group S were higher at PIH 6 and on PID 3 [(1501 ± 163), (1132 ± 67) mmol·min·L(-1), P values all below 0.001]. The AUCs of plasma glucose levels were close between two groups on PID 7 (P > 0.05). The AUCs of plasma glucose levels on PID 3 and 7 were both lower than that at PIH 6 in rats of group S (with P values all below 0.001). (3) The three indicators in the islets in rats of group S were all lower than those of rats in group SI (with F values of main effects respectively 135.17, 24.75 and 39.35, P values all below 0.01). There were no significant differences in the three indicators in the islets at PIH 6 between two groups (with P values all above 0.05). The three indicators in the islets of rats in group S on PID 3 and 7 [0.47 ± 0.05, 0.51 ± 0.07; (0.032 ± 0.008), (0.037 ± 0.008) mm(2); (303 ± 64), (341 ± 58) cells] were significantly lower than those of rats in group SI [0.63 ± 0.05, 0.64 ± 0.06; (0.043 ± 0.011), (0.044 ± 0.012) mm(2); (398 ± 112), (387 ± 90) cells; P < 0.05 or P < 0.01] and that at PIH 6 within group S (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01).</p><p><b>CONCLUSIONS</b>The number of beta cells is reduced, and the insulin secretion function of beta cells is decreased in the scalded rats, and they may constitute the cause of dysfunction of glycometabolism, mainly manifested as hyperglycemia.</p>

Investigation of water defluoridation projects and the concentration of water fluoride / 中国地方病学杂志

ObjectiveTo investigate the concentration of water fluoride and the application of water defluoridation projects in Suizhou,and to provide a basis for water improvement and prevention of the disease.MethodsCross-sectional study was carried out to investigate completely the water defluoridation projects built between 1986 and 2009 in the area under Suizhou's jurisdiction; 3 source water and terminal water samples of the projects in use were collected,respectively; 1 water sample was collected,respectively in the 3 projects with out-ofcommission or discarded water sources that used to be major water supply,for detection of fluoride,chloride,total hardness,heavy metals and other indicators.ResultsA total of 21 projects were investigated,14 projects were in normal use (66.7％),7 projects were out of order and abandoned (33.3％).Of the 14 projects normally used,13projects with water fluoride concentration ≤ 1.0 mg/L(92.9％)and 1 project with water fluoride concentration higher than 1.0 mg/L(7.1％),the concentration of water fluoride in the 7 abandoned projects was higher than 1.0 mg/L(100％).Arsenic and lead levels of all the water samples were normal.There were two water samples with iron content exceeded the standard,and one total hardness of water samples exceeded the standard in the normally used 14 peripheral water sources.One chloride content exceeded the standard,one manganese content exceeded the standard,two iron content exceeded the standard and three total hardness exceeded the standard in the seven abandoned projects.ConclusionsSome defluoridation projects are stopped using and abandoned in Suizhou,and the water fluoride exceeds the standard.