Influence of Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme Inhibitors (ACEi) on Angiogenesis Induced by Physical Exercise / Influência dos Inibidores da Enzima Conversora de Angiotensina (iECA) Sobre a Angiogênese Induzida pelo Exercício Físico

Abstract Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEi) are used to reduce blood pressure and vascular resistance by modulating the ACE activity responsible for the angiotensin II formation. However, different ACEi seem to influence exercise-induced angiogenesis. The objective of this review was to investigate the effects of different ACEi on vessel growth in skeletal muscle induced by exercise training. The present study is characterized by a narrative literature review design, the databases of Scielo, Google Scholar and PubMed were consulted. There are different groups of ACEi , sulfhydryl group such as captopril and a carboxyl group such as perindiporil and enalapril that can influence their effects on ACE activity. It is already known that exercise promotes the increase of vessels from vessels already existing in the skeletal musculature, a process known as angiogenesis and contributes to the blood pressure reduction (BP). Although these different responses are still scarce, vessel endothelial growth factor (VEFG) and nitric oxide (NO) may participate. Thus, the use of different ACEi can influences the angiogenesis responses induced by exercise, being one of the important mechanisms for BP reduction. The choice of ACEi group should be carefully analyzed for hypertensive individuals who practice physical exercise. (AU)

Resumo Os inibidores da enzima conversora de angiotensina (iECA) são utilizados para redução da pressão arterial e resistência vascular modulando a atividade da ECA responsável pela formação da angiotensina II. Entretanto, diferentes iECAs parecem influenciar a angiogênese induzida pelo exercício físico. Desta maneira objetivo desta revisão foi investigar os efeitos de diferentes iECA sobre o crescimento de vasos no musculo esquelético induzido pelo exercício físico. O presente estudo caracteriza-se um delineamento de revisão de literatura narrativa, foram consultadas as bases de dados do Scielo, Google acadêmico e PubMed. Existem grupos distintos dos iECAs, grupo sulfidrila como o captopril e o grupo carboxila como o perindiporil e grupo que pode influenciar seus efeitos sobre a atividade da ECA. Já é sabido que O exrcício promove o aumento de vasos a partir de vasos já existentes na musculatura esquelética, processo conhecido como angiogênese e colabora para redução da pressão arterial (PA). Entretanto os iECAs parecem influenciar esta resposta do aumento da densidade capilar no músculo esquelético. Embora ainda sejam escassos estas diferentes respostas podem ter as participações do fator de crescimento endotelial de vasos (VEFG) e o óxido nítrico (NO). Desta maneira o uso dos grupos do iECAs podem influenciar as resposta da angiogênese induzido pelo exercício sendo um dos mecanismos importantes pela redução da PA. A escolha do grupo de iECA deve ser analisada com cautela para indivíduoS hipertensos que praticam exercício físico. (AU)

Concepções sobre o Behaviorismo radical nas publicações da Folha de S. Paulo / Conceptions about radical Behaviorism in Folha de S. Paulo's publications / Concepciones acerca del Conductismo radical en las publicaciones de Folha de S. Paulo

Frequentemente, o behaviorismo radical e a análise do comportamento são apresentados na mídia por meio de estereótipos negativos, possivelmente atravancando a difusão de suas propostas aos potenciais beneficiários. Com base nisso, o objetivo deste trabalho é caracterizar as publicações do jornal Folha de S.Paulo sobre behaviorismo radical e análise do comportamento desde a sua fundação em 192, até 2015. Para tal, 227 parágrafos presentes no jornal que continham os termos Skinner ou behaviorismo foram selecionados para análise. De forma geral, foram encontrados trechos contendo críticas ao behaviorismo radical que expuseram equívocos históricos e conceituais, problematizaram o este campo de estudo, apresentaram algum aspecto correto e/ou apresentaram o termo "behaviorismo" de forma genérica. Foram identificados tópicos especialmente mal compreendidos: a análise do comportamento como legitimadora do controle, ultrapassada pelas teorias cognitivistas, capaz de explicar apenas comportamentos simples ou de animais não-humanos e interessada apenas em comportamentos observáveis. Recomenda-se que behavioristas radicais comuniquem suas propostas com ênfase em seu caráter de denúncia do controle como uma característica inerente às relações comportamentais de uma ciência viva em constante desenvolvimento e de uma abordagem interessada em lidar com quaisquer comportamentos, que aconteçam dentro ou fora da pele...(AU)

Often radical behaviorism and behavior analysis are presented in the media by means of negative stereotypes, thus possibly making harder the diffusion of its proposals to potential target audience. Taking that into account, this paper categorized publications from the newspaper Folha de S.Paulo since its foundation, in 1921, until 2015, regarding radical behaviorism and behavior analysis. To reach such goal, 227 paragraphs were selected containing the terms Skinner or behaviorism from the newspaper. In general, excerpts that criticized radical behaviorism, parts that exposed historical and conceptual misconception, that problematized radical behaviorism, that showed some correct aspect and that presented the term behaviorism in a generic way were found. Some specially misunderstood topics were identified: the view of behavior analysis as an approach that defends control, outdated and overcome by cognitive theories, is only capable of explaining simple human or non-human behavior and interested in observable behavior. We recommend behavior analysts that communicate their proposals with an emphasis on control as an inherent characteristic of behavioral relations to take into account it is a constantly evolving science and an approach interested in dealing with any behavior, whether occurring over or under the skin...(AU)

El análisis conductual y el conductismo radical son presentados a menudo en los medios de comunicación mediante estereotipos negativos, posiblemente dificultando la difusión de sus propuestas a los potenciales beneficiarios. Basándose en esto, el objetivo de este trabajo fue caracterizar las publicaciones del diario Folha de S.Paulo sobre el análisis conductual y el conductismo radical desde su fundación, en 1921, hasta 2015. Para ello, se seleccionaran para análisis 227 párrafos presentes en el diario, que contenían las palabras Skinner o conductismo. En general, se encontraron extractos que hicieron críticas al conductismo radical, que expusieron equívocos históricos y conceptuales, que problematizaron el conductismo radical, que presentaron algún aspecto correcto y que presentaron el término "conductismo" de manera genérica. Se identificó tópicos especialmente incomprendidos: la perspectiva de análisis de la conducta como un enfoque psicológico defensor del control, ultrapasada y superada por las teorías cognitivistas, capaz de explicar solo los comportamientos simples o de animales no humanos e interesada solamente en comportamientos observables. Se recomienda que conductistas radicales comuniquen sus propuestas con énfasis en su carácter de denuncia del control como una característica inherente a las relaciones comportamentales, de una ciencia viva, en desarrollo continuo, y de un enfoque psicológico interesado en tratar cualquier comportamiento, que ocurra dentro o fuera de la piel...(AU)

Influencia del índice de masa corporal en la mortalidad de pacientes con insuficiencia cardiaca / Body mass index influence on mortality of heart failure patients

Introducción: la relación entre el índice de masa corporal y la insuficiencia cardiaca es compleja. Las personas con mayor índice tienen más riesgo de presentarla pero presentan menor mortalidad durante la evolución de la enfermedad que los sujetos con peso normal. Objetivo: evaluar la influencia del índice de masa corporal sobre la mortalidad en pacientes con insuficiencia cardíaca crónica. Métodos: se realizó un estudio analítico, de cohorte prospectivo en pacientes atendidos en la consulta de insuficiencia cardiaca del Hospital Hermanos Ameijeiras, entre enero de 2006 y septiembre de 2016, con un seguimiento de tres años. Resultados: el 53,4 por ciento de los pacientes tenían más de 70 años, el 33,3 por ciento fallecieron durante la investigación y los pacientes con sobrepeso u obesidad tuvieron una mayor supervivencia que los pacientes con peso normal con p= 0,001. Conclusión: el sobrepeso y la obesidad se comportaron como protectores en relación a la mortalidad(AU)

Introduction: The relationship between body mass index and heart failure is complex. People with a higher index have a higher risk of presenting it, but they have lower mortality during the course of the disease than subjects with normal weight. Objective: To evaluate the body mass index influence on mortality of heart failure patients. An analytical, prospective cohort study was conducted in patients treated at the heart failure clinic at Hermanos Ameijeiras Hospital, from January 2006 to September 2016, with a three-year follow up. Results: 53.4 percent of patients were older than 70 years, 33.3 percent died during the investigation and overweight or obese patients had longer survival than patients with normal weight with p= 0.001. Conclusion: Overweight and obesity behaved as protectors in relation to mortality(AU)

Situação por metacontingências em análogo experimental de reforçamento negativo / Selection by metcontingencias: an experimental analog of negative reinforcement

Universitários foram distribuídos em gerações de três participantes e trabalharam em computadores em um procedimento de tentativas, nas quais números eram apresentados nas telas de cada participante. Sua tarefa era inserir números em janelas vazias. Pontos eram obtidos individualmente se as somas dos números inseridos e dos números apresentados fossem números ímpares. Bônus eram perdidos por todos quando o produto agregado dos comportamentos dos participantes não atendesse ao critério estipulado. A contingência (bônus) sobre o produto agregado foi suspensa nas duas últimas gerações. Os resultados indicam que houve seleção dos comportamentos operantes e que houve transmissão culturo-comportamental. Os resultados indicam também que houve seleção por metacontingências do produto agregado, indicando a seleção de contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas e um produto agregado

Academic students were distributed in three participants generations and worked on computers in anumbers in empty windows. Points were obtained individually if the sums of the inserted numbersplus the numbers presented were even numbers. Bonus were lost by all when the aggregated productaggregated product was suspended in the last two generations. Results indicate that the transmissionof operant behavior and culturo-behavioral transmission occurred. Results also indicate that selectionby metacontingencies of the agregated product has occurred, indicating the selection of interlockingbehavioral contingencies and of an aggregated product.

Cholelithiasis in patients on the kidney transplant waiting list

OBJECTIVES: To evaluate the prevalence of cholecystopathy in chronic renal patients awaiting kidney transplants. INTRODUCTION: The prevalence and management of cholelithiasis in renal transplant patients is not well established. METHODS: A total of 342 chronic renal failure patients on the waiting list for a kidney transplant were studied. Patients were evaluated for the presence of cholelithiasis and related symptoms, previous cholecystectomies and other abdominal surgeries, time on dialysis, and general data (gender, age, number of pregnancies, and body mass index). RESULTS: Cholelithiasis was found in 41 out of 342 patients (12 percent). Twelve of these patients, all symptomatic, had previously undergone cholecystectomies. Five out of 29 patients who had not undergone surgery were symptomatic. Overall, 17 patients (41.5 percent) were symptomatic. Their mean age was 54 (range 32-74) years old; 61 percent were female, and their mean body mass index was 25.4. Nineteen (76 percent) out of 25 women had previously been pregnant, with an average of 3.6 pregnancies per woman. CONCLUSIONS: The frequency of cholelithiasis was similar to that reported in the literature for the general population. However, the high frequency of symptomatic patients points toward an indication of routine pre-transplant cholecystectomy to avoid serious post-transplant complications.

Antifungal properties of Brazilian cerrado plants

Ethanolic extracts from leaves of Hyptis ovalifolia, H. suaveolens, H. saxatilis, Hyptidendrum canum, Eugenia uniflora, E. dysenterica, Caryocar brasiliensis and Lafoensia pacari were investigated for their antifungal activity against dermatophytes. The most effective plants were H. ovalifolia and E. uniflora, while Trichophyton rubrum was the most sensitive among the four dermatophytes species evaluated. This study has demonstrated antifungal properties of Brazilian Cerrado plant extracts in in vitro assays

Epidemiologia e etiologia das dermatofitoses em Goiânia, GO, Brasil / Epidemiology and etiology of dermatophytosis in Goiânia, GO, Brazil

Dermatophytes are a group of closely related fungi that have the capacity to invade keratinized tissue (skin, hair, and nails) of humans and animals to produce infections called dermatophytosis. In order to review the etiology and epidemiology of dermatophytosis in GoiÔnia, GO, 1955 specimens with diagnostic suspicion of dermatophytic lesions, were collected from January to December, 1999, from the Mycology Laboratory in the Institute of Tropical Pathology and Public Health, Federal University of Goißs. A total of 445 (22.8) samples were positive for dermatophytes and Trichophyton rubrum was the most frequently isolated species (49.4) followed by Trichophyton mentagrophytes (30.8) and Microsporum canis (12.6). Concerning the location of the lesions, the inferior limbs, feet and nails together with tinea capitis were the most frequently found clinical pattern in the majority of patients. Correlation between sex, age, location of the lesions and etiologic agents is considered in the study.