Etiology, Clinical Features, and Complications of Urethral Stricture.

Introduction: Most urethral strictures are either idiopathic or iatrogenic secondary to urethral instrumentation or failed surgery for hypospadias and complications of prostatectomy. Sometimes, it also presents as a surgical emergency. Aim: The aim of the present study was to study the etiological, clinical features, and complications of urethral stricture. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 cases of urethral stricture were studied over a period of 2-year in Katihar Medical College, with emphasis on various aspects of urethral stricture. Results: Maximum 24% of the cases were in the age group of 31-40 years followed by age group 41-50 years (20%). All the patients in this study were males. The disease was mostly prevalent among people of lower socio-economic status. Acute and chronic retention of urine were the most common complication comprising of 50% of the total cases. A maximum number of cases were traumatic in nature. Conclusion: Urethral stricture is a disease of varying symptoms and lots of complications affecting the psyche of the patient. The treating surgeon must be competent in the use of various techniques to deal with conditions of the urethra presented at the time of surgery.

Benign Breast Lesions in a Teaching Hospital in Rural Bihar.

Background: Breast diseases has captured attention of surgeons throughout the ages with its uncertain cause. Study of a pattern of benign breast diseases (BBDs) is a challenge due to variants in occurrence and presentation in different age groups and different geographical areas. The breast is a complex structure and any unnatural change affects the body and psyche of the person. Aim: The aim of this study was to observe age distribution, clinical signs, symptoms and pathology of benign breast lump and correlate them with pathological findings. Materials and Methods: A total of 124 cases of benign breast lump were included in this study. These cases were selected among patients visiting the outdoor clinic of Department of General Surgery in Katihar Medical College, Katihar, Bihar, India. The selected cases belonged to different etiology, age group and sex. Results: Maximum cases of benign breast tumors were observed in age group of 21-30 years (third decade). Fibroadenoma was the most common presentation. The majority of patients reported within 1 year of onset of disease. The painless lump was the most common mode of presentation. The right breast was involved in a more number of cases with maximum lesions noted in the upper outer quadrant. Conclusion: BBDs are common in female patients. Clinical, sonological, mammographical, and pathological studies need to be conducted in a systemic way to find answers of complexities posed by the confusing pattern of BBDs.