Cell death and ovarian development in highly eusocial bees (Hymenoptera, apidae): caste differentiation and worker egg laying

The development and functioning of the ovary in highly eusocial bees is one of the most prominent differences between the castes in these insects, with queens having very large ovaries and a high capacity to produce eggs while the workers have small, sub-functional ovaries. The differences in ovary size and function are established during larval and pupal development and are hormonally controlled. Differential cell death has a prominent role in modulating the ovarian differences during development and adulthood. In this review, we discuss the forms of cell death, the types of cells affected and the timing of death in relation to the function of the female castes in the colony.