Assessment of Efficacy of Various Treatment Regimes in Patients with Typhoid Fever: A Prospective Study

Background: Typhoid fever is caused by Salmonella enterica serovar Typhi (S typhi), a Gram negative bacterium. Typhoid fever is among the most common febrile illnesses encountered by practitioners in developing countries. Hence; we planned the present study to evaluate the efficacy of various treatment regimes in treating patients with typhoid fever.  Materials & Methods: The present study included assessment of efficacy of different treatment regimes in treating patients with typhoid fever. A total of 40 patients were included in the present study and were broadly divided into two study groups with 20 patients each group. Group 1 included patients who were treated ceftriaxone therapy while group 2 included patients who were treated with chloramphenicol. Bacteriological culturing of the blood, stool and urine samples was done for confirming the diagnosis at the start of the treatment. Repetition of the blood and stool culture was done on day 5 and day 12 after the discharge of the patient. All the results were analyzed by SPSS software. Results: Complete clinical cure occurred in 17 and 19 patients of group 1 and group 2 respectively. Positive blood culture for S. typhi on day 5 occurred in 0 and 10 days of group 1 and group 2 patients respectively. Conclusion: In treating patients with typhoid fever, Ceftriaxone could be safely used.

The physiological and molecular mechanism of brassinosteroid in response to stress: a review

The negative effects of environmental stresses, such as low temperature, high temperature, salinity, drought, heavy metal stress, and biotic stress significantly decrease crop productivity. Plant hormones are currently being used to induce stress tolerance in a variety of plants. Brassinosteroids (commonly known as BR) are a group of phytohormones that regulate a wide range of biological processes that lead to tolerance of various stresses in plants. BR stimulate BRASSINAZOLE RESISTANCE 1 (BZR1)/BRI1-EMS SUPPRESSOR 1 (BES1), transcription factors that activate thousands of BR-targeted genes. BR regulate antioxidant enzyme activities, chlorophyll contents, photosynthetic capacity, and carbohydrate metabolism to increase plant growth under stress. Mutants with BR defects have shortened root and shoot developments. Exogenous BR application increases the biosynthesis of endogenous hormones such as indole-3-acetic acid, abscisic acid, jasmonic acid, zeatin riboside, brassinosteroids (BR), and isopentenyl adenosine, and gibberellin (GA) and regulates signal transduction pathways to stimulate stress tolerance. This review will describe advancements in knowledge of BR and their roles in response to different stress conditions in plants.

Antimicrobial, antioxidant potential and phytochemical screening of Fagonia olivieri

The present paper investigates antioxidant, antimicrobial and photochemical screening different extracts of Fagonia olivieri. Analysis of the data indicated that the subject plant contained a good amount of flavonoids, tannins, saponins, terpenoids and steroids. Maximum concentrations of phenolic compounds was found in methanol fraction [29.0+/-6.12 mg GAE/g] while minimum [22.10+/-6.31mg GAE/g] in methylated spirit fraction. Similarly, ethanol fraction contained higher concentration of flavonoid content [135.4+/-7.63mg Quercetin/g] followed by methanol fraction [138.4+/-2.96 mg Quercetin/g]. Analysis of the data revealed that maximum antioxidant activity was recorded in mthylated spirit fraction [IC[50]= 10.69+/-1.66] followed by methanol fraction [IC[50]= 9.10+/-0.76] while no activity was noted in hexane fraction. The data indicated good antibacterial and antifungal activity against S. typhi, S. aureus, P. aeruginosa and A. flavus

Effectiveness of sofosbuvir regime in Hepatitis c virus infection in hemodialysis Pakistani patients: single centre study

Background: chronic Hepatitis C [CHC] infection is the most common chronic liver disease in patients with end-stage renal disease [ESRD] and highly prevalent on hemodialysis patients. The DOPPS data reported an overall prevalence of 13.5 percent among adult hemodialysis patients. The reported data in Pakistan reflected 26.02% hemodialysis patients with HCV infection. Over the last few years, the direct-acting antivirals have been revolutionary in the treatment of hepatitis C, and sofosbuvir [SOF] is the backbone of most modern treatment strategies with better prognosis of the infection and tolerability. The aim of the study was to assess the effectiveness and safety of Sofosbuvir regime on HCV infected patients on hemodialysis [HD] in the local population as per routine practice

Method: this was an observational, prospective; single-center study enrolled 30 HCV HD subjects on sofosbuvir ribavirin regime for 12 weeks

Results: as per results of 30 subjects' [n= female 13, 44% and n = male 17, 56 %] with mean age +/- standard deviation 60.5 +/- 7.5 years. On SOF/ribavirin [RBV] treatment for 12 weeks, the sustained virological response rate was 100% [27 of 27] at 12 weeks. 95% confidence interval, [95 to 100]. No patients had virologic failure during treatment. No patient had treatment discontinuation due to side effects. Adverse events were reported in at least 10% of the patients were mainly pruritus, fatigue, and nausea. No serious adverse event reported

Conclusions: the Sofosbuvir based antiviral therapy is safe and effective in the treatment of HCV with ESRD, including HD patients with a high rate of SVR in patients

Antimicrobial potentials and phytochemical analysis of desert cotton [A. Javanica] and flax [L. Ustitatissimum]

The present study reveals antimicrobial potentials and phytochemical analysis of A. javanica and L. ustitatissimum. Phytochemical analysis indicated that the tested plants contained a substantial amount of flavonoids, terpenoids and steroids while saponins and tannins were absent in L. ustitatissimum, however, tannins were present in A. javanica. L. ustitatissimum contained maximum total phenolic content of 166.36mg/g in methylated spirit fraction while its ethyl acetate fraction contained highest quantity of flavonoids 27.6mg/g in case of Aerva javanica. Antimicrobial potentials of the subject plants revealed that L. ustitatissimum had maximum antibacterial activity [MIC=4.33microg/ml] while A. javanica was most effective against fungal strains [MIC=2.66 microg/ml]

Identification of causative organisms and role of ceftriaxone in spontaneous bacterial peritonitis [SBP] secondary to decompensated liver disease

Background there is increasing trend of gram positive organism present in ascetic fluid culture as a result of selective gut decontamination of gram negative organisms by prophylactic antibiotics for SBP and due to different invasive procedures

Objectives to identify causative organisms in ascetic fluid culture of patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis secondary to decompensated liver disease and their sensitivities to ceftriaxone as an empiric therapy

Methods a Cross sectional study was conducted at Department of Gastroenterology, Shifa International Hospital, Islamabad. Aseptic technique was adopted to aspirate ascetic fluid. At least 10 ml of ascetic fluid was inoculated in blood culture bottle at bed side before starting ceftriaxone

Result total 97 patients were included in this study. Among them 57 [58.8%] were male and 40 40[41.2 %] were female. The most common organism was E. coli with a frequency of 42[43.2 %] almost half were ESBL strains 20[20.6%] followed by Klebsiella 15[15.4%] among which 5[5.2%] were ESBL strains while Pseudomonas aeruginosa was 12[12.3%]

Conclusion no increasing trend of gram positive pathogens was observed, however ESBL strains are emerging pathogens. Gram negative organisms are still the common pathogens of SBP

Antioxidant activity and nutritional assessment of under-utilized medicinal plants

The present study investigates the nutritive and anti-nutritive composition of six species [Allium porrum, Amaranthus spinosis, Apium graveolens, Caralluma edulis, Chenopodium album, Urtica dioica]. The studied species contained considerable amount of crude protein [4.53-11.41%], crude fat [1.25-3.74%], vitamin C [7.85-28.09mg 100[-1]g] and beta-Carotene [18.29-169.33mg 100]-1]g]. The mineral profile of Chenopodium album is considered as potential source of Zn [14.51 +/- 1.14mg 100[-1]g], Mn [67.71 +/- 0.85mg 100[-1]g], Se [8.45 +/- 0.49mg 100[-1]g] and Fe [182.08 +/- 1.52mg 100[-1]g] and Caralluma edulis as potential source of Fe [7.28 +/- 0.03mg 100[-1]g]. Ca and P content ranged 63-306mg 100[-1] g and 12-392mg 100[-1] g in all studied plants with exceptionally high level was found in Chenopodium album [1084mg 100[-1]g] and [3924mg 100[-1]g], respectively. Similarly, total phenol, tannin and phytic acid were found in the range of 105-354, 5-90 and 10-85mg 100[-1]g, respectively. Total oxalates and soluble oxalates contents were below 200mg 100[-1]g in five examined plants with the exception of Chenopodium album [413mg 100[-1]g]. Antioxidant activity of Caralluma edulis was found maximum while the rest of the examined plants had moderate levels

vitro antimicrobial, antioxidant activity and phytochemical screening of Apium graveolens

The present study evaluates the phytochemical screenings, antioxidant activity and antimicrobial assay of Apium graveolens L. The phytochemical screening showed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, saponins and steroids in Apium graveolens while terpenoids was absent. The total phenolic content was slightly higher in methanolic fraction [63.46 +/- 12.00mg GAE/g] followed by ethanol [36.60 +/- 12.28 mg GAE/g] and hexane fractions [34.86 +/- 6.96mg GAE/g]. The flavonoid content was high in methanolic extract [56.95 +/- 7.14mg Quorcetin/g] and low level of the content was found in methylated spirit extract [29.2 +/- 3.15mg Quercitin/g]. Antioxidant activity assayed by FRAP was higher in methanolic fraction [12.48 +/- 1.06 mmole of FeSO[4] equivalent/litre of extract] compared with other extracts. Likewise, good antimicrobial activity was measured by crude ethanol fraction against S. aureus [MIC=0.12 +/- 0.03microg/ml] and S. typhi [MIC= 0.5 +/- 0.2microg/ml]. Results also that ethanolic fraction was effective against A. flavus [MIC= 05 +/- 1.0microg/ml]

Challenges faced by women entrepreneurs: a Case study of Tangwani Kandhkot/ Kashmore District Sindh Pakistan

The research investigates the domestic violence against women in Tangwani District Kandhkot Kashmore Sindh Pakistan. Data were collected from 150 women by using qualitative and quantitative methods were used. The qualitative methods involved initial focus group meetings that were followed by the survey questionnaire. The survey questionnaire was more of an in depth interview because of the sensitive nature of the issues and therefore included open ended questions with certain inferences on the types of violence recorded on a quantitative sheet. Data were analyzed by using E-View 7. It was revealed that most of the surveyed women were quiet depressed and their male counterparts not working but they are solely depending on women work in SMEs. It was further revealed that the rural women is less confident and their husbands were always given them hard time once they are exposing themselves to outside the boundaries of the house. The biggest challenges which they were facing they were doing all business in house, lack of marketing facilities, Karo Kari criminal activities and they were deprived from the basic rights. The number of women who died of stove burns in the first six months of 2011-2014 was 300 compared to 1300 murders that took place at the same time

Cytogenetic and molecular analyses of philadelphia chromosome variants in CML [chronic myeloid leukemia] patients from Sindh using karyotyping and RT-PCR

To determine the frequency of Philadelphia chromosome [Ph] and its variants in chronic myeloid leukemia [CML] cases at a tertiary care hospital of Sindh. The study was conducted at the Department of Pathology, Liaquat University of Medical and Health Sciences, Jamshoro and Isra University Hospital, Hyderabad during May-to-September 2014. Bone marrow and peripheral blood samples from a total of 145 diagnosed cases of CML were collected. Cytogenetic analyses were performed using karyotyping as per the International System for Human Cytogenetic Nomenclature guidelines. All karyotypic images were analyzed using the Cytovision software. In order to identify BCR-ABL transcripts, RT-PCR was performed. Statistical analysis of the data was done using SPSS-version-21.0. Of the 145 samples, a total of 133 [91.7%] were positive for the Ph [Ph+] while 12 [8.3%] were negative for the Ph [Ph-]. Of the 133 Ph+ samples, standard karyotypes were noted in 121 [91%], simple variants in 9 [6.7%] and complex variants in 3 [2.3%] of the samples. All the Ph+ samples [n=133] showed BCR-ABL positivity. Of the 12 Ph- samples, a total of 7 [58.3%] were BCR-ABL-positive and 5 [41.6%] were BCR-ABL-negative. Frequency of the Ph was found to be of 90.9% in CML patients using a highly sensitive technique, the RT-PCR. Cytogenetic abnormalities were at a lower frequency. Cytogenetic and molecular studies must be conducted for better management of CML cases. These findings could be very useful in guiding the appropriate therapeutic options for CML patients

Salmonella Enteritidis Flagella may Enhance Attachment and Invasion of Hen Ovarian Granulosa Cells and Induce Protective Immune Response in Egg-laying Hens.

Aims: To study the effect of flagellin on bacterial attachment and invasion of avian ovary cells in vitro by comparing the attachment and invasion of wild-type S. Enteritidis with nonmotile mutants. To assess the immunogenic properties of extracted flagellin against Salmonella Enteritidis experimental infection in laying hens. Methodology: Non-flagellated mutants for wild-type S. Enteritidis (phage type 8, 13A and 28) were produced by using a strain of S. Enteritidis, SA4502, which carried an fliC::Tn 10 to transfer fliC::Tn 10 insertion into the wild type strains using phage 22 (P22)-mediated transduction with selection for antibiotic resistance encoded within the mutant alleles. Granulosa cells were harvested from Single Comb White Leghorn hens between 18-45 weeks of age. Flagellin was purified from the studied bacterial cultures of Salmonella Enteritidis following reported methods. Laying hens were immunized with the flagellin with adjuvant Results: Non-motile mutants of S. Enteritidis phage wild types were analyzed to confirm the elimination of H1 flagellin synthesis. Wild-type and fliC mutant strains were assessed for their ability to adhere to hen's ovarian granulosa cells. The adherence of the mutant strain was reduced nearly ten-fold compared with that of the wild-type phage 8. Similarly, light microscopic observation of fixed cover slips from wild-type phage types and its mutant strain revealed fewer numbers of the bacterial mutants adhered to the cultured granulosa cell monolayer. Light microscopy revealed similar findings for mutant phage types 28 and 13 A when compared to the wild-type control. There was five folds rise in the egg yolk antibody during the 2-3 weeks post-immunization. No rise was detected in the egg yolk samples from the control hens injected with the placebo mixture without flagellin. Conclusion: It was concluded that Flagellin has an important role in the attachment and invasion of Salmonella Enteritidis to avian ovary cells and that it can be used as immunogenic components to induce a protective immune response in vaccinated hens against challenge infection with the wild type strains.

Magnitude of breast diseases in OJHA histopathology department

This study evaluates the current status regarding spectrum of breast diseases from the data record of Dow Diagnostic Research and Reference Laboratory [DDRRL], Karachi. Descriptive study. This study was carried out on obtaining Data of various breast diseases was obtained from the histopathology department of Dow Diagnostic Research and Reference Laboratory [DDRRL], OJAH campus located in Karachi from October 2011 till December 2011. Ten months data of 2011 consisted of 829 cases of breast diseases. The diseases were grouped into malignant, benign and inflammatory types. There was no limitation of age and both genders were considered. Cancers other than breast diseases were excluded from the study. Reports of missing information were not analyzed. Normal breast tissue was as well excluded. Analysis revealed 413 as malignant lesions, 322 benign and 80 inflammatory .In malignant tumours invasive ductal carcinoma grade 2 was [23.7%]. Fibroadenoma [28.0%], fibrocystic change [6.1%], benign phylloides [2.4%], lipoma was 1.2% and no record of lactating adenoma was found. Inflammatory lesion breast abscess [4.0%], chronic mastitis [1.7%], granulomatous mastitis [1.7%], duct ectasia [1.3%] and fat necrosis was least diagnosed. Breast diseases trend in the women of Karachi are changing. Malignant breast lesions are presenting at younger age and its occurrence is more than benign and inflammatory lesion altogether in this study

Lactoferrin levels in mother's milk

This study was aimed to see the significance of Lactoferrin in human breast milk among lactating mothers of healthy and sick babies. This study was conducted at pathology and paediatrics departments of Peoples University of Medical and Health Sciences Nawabshan, Shaheed Benazirabad between Jan 2011 to Dec 2011. Cross sectional study. Lactoferin levels in breast milk of 356 mothers of healthy babies were estimated and similarly lactoferrin levels in breast milk of 318 lactating mothers of sick babies were estimated and these results were analyzed. The mean lectoferrin level in breast milk of 356 lactating mothers of healthy babies was 9.37 mg/ml and the mean lactoferrin level in breast milk of 318 mothers nursing sick babies was 3.73 mg/ml. There is decrease in lactoferrin levels of lactating mothers of sick babies in their mature milk, which could account for the susceptibility of their babies to infection

Life quality assessment of patients suffering from oral cancer

This study was aimed to determine the patient's own perception of quality of life [QL]; that were under treatment for oral cancers. University of Washington Quality of Life Questionnaire [UW-QOL] [1] was used as a screening tool for this purpose. Questionnaire based Cross Sectional Study. This study was conducted at Kiran hospital Karachi [Karachi Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine] from March to August 2011. Thirty patients diagnosed with oral cancer that were coming for treatment at the Kiran hospital Karachi, [Karachi Institute of Radiotherapy and Nuclear Medicine] were included in the sample. No limitation of age or cancer stage was specified. Data analysis with SPSS showed that majority of patient surveyed had pain that was controlled by medications; majority of patient felt significantly disfigured; had limited activities. Although activities were slowed down due to fatigue still patients managed to go out however enjoyable recreation was bounded for patients. Swallowing function showed variation from no change, complete liquid diet, soft diet to choking. However most patients could chew soft foods, majority of patient had difficulty with some words but their speech was understood on phone. Greater parts choose no issue regarding function and pain in shoulders. Almost half the patients had normal consistency of saliva, mood mostly unaffected and majority patient were not anxious about their tumour lesion. General health was better before development of cancer and was good in previous seven days. Over all mental health and spiritual health was outstanding and pain was the most important issue patient complained. This study emphasizes the importance of measuring quality of life of oral cancer patients. UW-QOL[1] questionnaire was an effective screening tool for evaluating the different domains from each patient at an individual level

Relationship between diagnostic delay and stage of disease in oral cancer patients

In spite of the belief that cancer mortality can be reduced if lesions are detected, diagnosed and treated at an early stage. There is a concurrent increase in advanced head and neck cancer patients, because of delayed in medical consultations. The objective of this study is to determine an association of staging and diagnostic delay in oral cancer patients. Descriptive study. This study was conducted at the Dow Diagnostic and Research Laboratory [DDRL] of the Ojha campus, Dow University of Health Sciences from Jan 2009 to April 2011. The information is collected from the record files of DDRL of OJHA campus DUHS. Two hundred and seventy nine patients with an oral cancer are included in the study. With descriptive statistics, OSCCC is mostly found at 4[th], 5[th] and 6[th] decades of life, with diagnostic delay of >/= 6 months. OSCC is mostly seen in males than in females whereas; Well differentiated squamous cell carcinoma is a common finding in both males and females, with the largest lesion being size 12 cm in size. Buccal mucosa is a commonly affected site in both genders. OSCC is mostly seen in males than in females. Our findings highlight the importance of early detection and systemized collection of patients verbal statements regarding their initial symptoms of oral cancer site in both genders. OSCC is mostly seen in males than in females. Our findings highlight the importance of early detection and systemized collection of patients verbal statements regarding their initial symptoms of oral cancer

Spectrum of thyroid gland disorders in Karachi-DDRRL experience

To find out the spectrum of thyroid gland disorders in association with age and gender and to identify histological types of thyroid lesions. Descriptive study. This study was carried out at the Department of Histopathology, DOW University [OJHA campus] Karachi from 1[st] Jan 2010 to 31[st] Dec 2011. The specimens were received in 10% buffered formalin and processed as per routine laboratory procedure and then embedded in paraffin for block preparation. The sections were stained with the routine haematoxylin and eosin method and were studied and diagnosed by a consultant histopathologist. Difficult cases were discussed in Departmental Consultation Committee. Total 208 cases were studied, there was a female predominance 184 [88.5%] and among them majorities were in 3[rd] decade of life. Males were 24 [11.5%] commonly seen in 4[th] decade of life. The ages ranged from 15-75 years, mean age is 30 years. Nodular hyperplasia was the commonest thyroid lesion found. The information in the present study may be considered as a baseline data of thyroid diseases in Karachi and a more elaborate prospective study carried out on a large scale in this country will contribute more to make the things clearer

Incidental finding of ovarian teratoma on post-therapy scan for papillary thyroid cancer and impact of SPECT/CT imaging / Achado incidental de teratoma ovariano em uma avaliação pós-tratamento para carcinoma papilar de tiroide e impacto da tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único

A 41-year old woman post thyroidectomy and neck dissection is presented in this case. She initially presented goiter and an enlarged cervical lymph node. She had no family history of cancer or radiation therapy. She had total thyroidectomy and found to have papillary thyroid cancer (T4N1M0). Histopathology report revealed multifocal classical papillary thyroid carcinoma with lympho-vascular invasion, extra-thyroidal extension, and positive lymph nodes. She was treated with 6.5 Gigabecquerel (GBq) of 131Iodine. Whole-body scan showed uptake in the neck and large focus in the left lower abdomen. Single-photon emission computed tomography SPECT/CT demonstrated a round shaped mass in the left pelvis. Pathology revealed cystic teratoma with benign thyroid tissue (struma ovarii), and no malignancy. Two months later, she had the second treatment with 5.5 GBq 131Iodine. Her follow-up stimulated and non-stimulated thyroglobulin levels were significantly lower, and there was no abnormal uptake in the follow-up scan.

Este é o caso de uma mulher de 41 anos de idade, com pós-tireoidectomia e dissecção da área do pescoço. Ela inicialmente apresentou bócio e um linfonodo cervical aumentado. Não tinha histórico familiar de câncer ou tratamento com radiação. Ela foi submetida a uma tiroidectomia total e se observou um carcinoma papilar de tiroide (T4N1M0). Os achados histopatológicos revelaram carcinoma papilar multifocal clássico com invasão linfovascular, extensão extratiroideana e linfonodos positivos. Ela foi tratada com 6.5 Gigabecquerel (GBq) de Iodo131. A tomografia de corpo inteiro mostrou captação na área do pescoço e um grande foco no abdômen inferior esquerdo. A tomografia computadorizada por emissão de fóton único SPECT/CT demonstrou uma massa arredondada na pelve esquerda. A análise patológica revelou um teratoma cístico com tecido tiroideano benigno (struma ovarii) e nenhuma malignidade. Dois meses depois, ela foi submetida a um segundo tratamento com 5.5 GBq de Iodo131. O acompanhamento dos níveis de tireoglobulina estimulada e não estimulada foi significativamente mais baixo e não houve captação anormal na tomografia seguinte.

Frequency of head and neck lesions according to histopathologic diagnosis

Retrospective study is conducted to determine the frequency of head and neck lesions histopathological diagnosis and to contribute in base line data of head and neck lesions at DDRRL/OJHA campus, Karachi. The study includes data from 2nd February 2008 to 31st December 2010. The most common head and neck lesions affecting male 53.9% [n=758] and female 46.04% [n=647]. Patients of all age group are included. Both incisional and excisional biopsies are included and previously diagnosed lesions on the basis of histopathology are excluded. Among 1,405 head [n=860] and neck [n=545] biopsies, Squamous cell carcinoma was 399. The most frequently affected site of oral cavity was right buccal mucosa with OSCC. Thyroid goiter was most commonly reported neck lesions. This study showed that premalignant lesion was less commonly submitted biopsies as compare to malignant lesions

Salivary gland diseases: analysis of patients attended at dow lab Karachi

The aim of this study is to describe demographic characteristic of 103 cases of major and minor salivary glands diagnosed at DDRRL [Dow lab Diagnostic reference and research laboratory] OJHA campus, DUHS Karachi. Observational Study. This study was conducted at Dow University of Health Sciences Ojha Campus, Karachi from January 2009 to April 2011. Salivary gland diseases are uncommon and include diseases which affect both major and minor salivary gland. They consist of a group of heterogeneous lesions with complex clinicopathological characteristics and distinct biologic behavior. Epidemiological data of these diseases in the various parts of the world can be helpful for a better understanding of its biology and clinical characteristics. Clinical and histopathological data of all patients with salivary gland diseases are retrospectively analyzed and described. In this study, 103 cases of salivary gland diseases be analyzed, out of all cases 31 were infections, 50 were benign neoplasms, and 22 were malignant neoplasms. Majority of the cases occurred in parotid gland followed by submandibular and minor salivary glands. Infections are common between the ages between 10-35 years and peak incidence in 30 years. Benign tumors are common between 20-25 years and 40-50 years and with a peak incidence in 40 years. Tumor affected more commonly the adult patients with peak incidence between 35065 years and peak incidence in 50 years with slight predominance in females. Pleomorphic adenoma is the most frequent finding followed by sialadenitis and squamous cell carcinoma. patients with salivary gland diseases were mainly adults with marginally more female patients. Most commonly found infections are sialadenitis involving sub mandibular gland in majority of cases. Benign tumors are more frequent then malignant ones. Pleomorphic adenoma is the commonest benign tumor and squamous cell carcinoma is the commonest malignant neoplasm. Both benign and malignant tumors involve parotid gland commonly