Factores relacionados a la adherencia a tratamiento en adolescentes con depresión / Factors associated with treatment adherence in adolescents with depression

Introduction: Mood disorders prevalence during adolescence has increased. Unfortunately, the greatest number of diagnosis is not a synonym of treatment success because this depends, among others factors, on the treatment adherence. In fact, mental health research has shown consistently high rates of treatment non-adherence. Nevertheless, the literature has been focused mainly on adult populations, and only a few articles describe adolescent adherence. Objectives: To review the different factors associated with treatment adherence in adolescents with depression and to describe theoretical models that can help improving adherence in this population. Method: Review of current research and adherence theories related to adherence in adolescents with different pathologies, adults with mood disorders and especially in adolescent depression. Conclusion: Cognitive factors related to personal and family beliefs and attitudes towards mental health disorders and medication, biological and psychological factors related to the developmental stage like emotional regulation, self-esteem, self-efficacy and adolescent-parent relationship are very important factors associated to medication adherence in adolescents. The therapeutic relationship might help to improve adherence by shaping these factors, building trust, cooperation, patient and family commitment to behavior change and giving information.

Desafortunadamente la prevalência de los trastornos depresivos en la adolescencia se ha visto incrementada en los últimos años. Un mayor diagnóstico no conlleva necesariamente a un tratamiento exitoso, debido, entre otros factores, a la pobre adherencia al tratamiento con medicamentos en la adolescencia. De hecho, los estudios en salud mental demuestran que un importante número de pacientes no adhieren a los tratamientos farmacológicos. Sin embargo, estos estudios se centran principalmente en pacientes adultos y pocos en la población infanto juvenil. Nuestro artículo tiene por objetivo conocer de un modo general los factores que están en juego en la adherencia a tratamiento medicamentosos antidepresivo en adolescentes con trastorno del ánimo, y describir un modelo que pueda ayudar a intervenir clínicamente en favor de una mayor adherencia terapéutica.

Determinación de volúmenes pulmonares mediante pletismografía en pacientes con fíbrosis quística / Lung volume determinations by whole plethysmography in cystic fibrosis patients: a preliminary report

Introduction: Cystic fibrosis (CF) patients develop a progressive impairment of pulmonary function tests (PFT) by recurrent infection. Objective: To evaluate PFT in CF patients using spirometry, oxygen saturometry (Sa0(2)) and whole plethysmography (WP) for determining possible mathematical relationships. Methods: FVC, FRC, RV, TLC, FEV1, FEF25.75, obtained in 10 CF patients were compared with Zapletal's reference values and with the values obtained in 33 healthy-school children. Results: Mean age 13.6 years-old (range: 9-20). All CF patients had normal Sa0(2), FEV1 was normal in five (four had FEV1 between 65-80 percent), 4 had RV/TLC > 30 percent, 3 had increased FRC and RV/TLC, only one CF patient had WP normal. The average of TLC and RV were higher than reference values and control group (p < 0.05). We found an inverse relationship between FEV1, FEF25-75 and RV/TLC [r = -0.642 (p < 0.05) and r = -0.803 (p < 0.01); respectively]. Conclusion: This study suggests an increase of pulmonary volume in CF patients with not necessarily abnormal spirometry and an inverse mathematical relationship between FEV1, FEF25-75 and RV/TLC.

Introducción: La fibrosis quística (FQ) exhibe un deterioro progresivo de la función pulmonar (FP) asociada a infecciones recurrentes. Objetivo: Evaluar la FP en sujetos con FQ mediante espirometría, saturometría y pletismografía (PG) determinando alguna relación matemática. Pacientes y Métodos: Se identificaron 10 pacientes capaces de realizar CVF, CRF, VR, CPT, VEF1, y FEF25-75 por ciento; comparándose con los valores de Zapletal y de 33 controles sanos. Resultados: Edad promedio 13,6 a±os (rango: 9-20). Sa0(2)y VEF1fueron normales en 10 y 5 sujetos, respectivamente (4 tenían VEF1entre 65-80 por ciento). La PG mostró 4 pacientes con VR/CPT > 30 por ciento, 3 con aumento de CRF y VR/CPT, sólo uno tuvo PG normal. Los promedios de CPT y VR fueron superiores a valores de referencia y controles (p < 0,05). Se encontró una relación inversa entre VEF1y VR/CPT (r = -0,642, p < 0,05) y entre FEF25-75 y VR/CPT (r = -0,803, p < 0,01). Conclusiones: Este estudio sugiere un incremento significativo de los volúmenes pulmonares en pacientes con FQ aún teniendo espirometría normal; así como una relación matemática inversa entre VEF1, FEF25-75 y VR/CPT.

Emergencias endocrinas en pediatría: diagnóstico y manejo / Diagnosis and management of endocrine emergencies in pediatrics

The study of endocrine emergencies in childhood is important due to their high mortality and residual morbidity, that can be reduced with an adequate diagnosis and/or therapy. In this article, we review hypoglycemia, adrenal crisis, hypocalcemia, hypercalcemia and thyroid storm in children, with focus on initial diagnostic approach and management.