RESUMO
Objective: To evaluate the social barrier that influence males and females for using contraception and to evaluate the association of educational status and age with the use of contraceptives
Materials and Methods: This cross sectional study was conducted at PNS SHIFA hospital, Bahria University Medical and Dental College [BUMDC] from 1st July 2015 till 1st September 2015. A predesigned questionnaire was used for the study. 350 participants were included and sampling technique of non-probability convenient sampling was followed. Data was analyzed on SPSS version 23
Results: Out of 96 males, 18 used contraceptives while in females out of 254 only 84 were using it. When assessed the relationship between education and contraceptive use, p-value for males was 0.026 which was highly significant whereas, in females it was non-significant. The top most reasons among non-users were desire to have children, lack of knowledge in males and in females' husband's opposition and non interest. Maximum use of contraception was observed between 34-41 years of age among both males and females
Conclusion: The social barriers that influenced males from using contraception were: wanted to have children, lack of knowledge, religious views whereas, in females they were husband's opposition, lack of interest and fear of side effects. There is need to improve the education status of females. Religious scholars must play their role to increase use of contraception
RESUMO
To study the correlation of the findings of clinical examination and arthroscopy of knee joint under local anesthesia. Descriptive study. This study was conducted in the Orthopaedic Department, Railway Hospital Islamabad and Ibn e Siena Hospital and Research Institute Multan from March 2008 to March 2010. This study was conducted in 50 patients with some type of problems in the knee since March 2008 to March 2010. 40 [80%] patients were diagnosed clinically, but clinically diagnosis was totally correct in 25 [50%] patients while 15 [30%] patients had additional arthroscopic findings besides those diagnosed clinically. With the help of arthroscopy the diagnosis was improved to 94% that is near the international study of 90%. The clinical diagnosis was entirely incorrect in 7 [14%] cases. In these cases the clinical diagnosis was wrong but correct diagnosis was apparent at arthroscopy. So arthroscopy should be considered as a diagnostic aid to use in conjunction with a good history, complete physical examination and appropriate roentgenograms. A high degree of accuracy combined with low morbidity, has encouraged the use of arthroscopy to assist in diagnosis, to determine prognosis and to provide treatment. Arthroscopy under local anesthesia is highly economical, having good patient's acceptability and can be performed as a day case procedure. Meanwhile it is reliable, safe and well-tolerated alternative to conventional techniques to improve the diagnostic accuracy