Antibiotics prophylaxis at the time of catheter removal after radical prostatectomy: a systematic review of the literature and meta-analysis

Purpose: To conduct a systematic literature review with meta-analysis to identify whether antibiotic prophylaxis after removal of the indwelling urinary catheter reduces posterior infections. Methods: A systematic literature review was conducted in the databases PubMed, Embase, Cochrane, Google Scholar, and Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature, using the keywords "antibiotics" AND "prostatectomy" AND "urinary catheter." Results: Three articles were identified having the scope of our review, with 1,040 patients, which were subjected to our meta-analysis revealing a marginally significant decrease in the risk of urinary infection after indwelling urinary catheter removal (odds ratio-OR = 0.51; 95% confidence interval-95%CI 0.27-0.98; p = 0.04; I2 = 0%). No difference was found regarding the presence of bacteriuria (OR = 0.39; 95%CI 0.12-1.24; p = 0.11; I2 = 73%). Conclusions: In our meta-analysis, there was a significant decrease in urinary tract infection with antibiotic prophylaxis after indwelling urinary catheter removal following radical prostatectomy.

Tamsulosin vs. Tadalafil as medical expulsive therapy for distal ureteral stones: a systematic review and meta-analysis

ABSTRACT Purpose: Medical expulsive therapy (MET) is recommended for distal ureteral stones from 5 to 10 mm. The best drug for MET is still uncertain. In this review, we aim to compare the effectiveness of tadalafil and tamsulosin for distal ureteral stones from 5 to 10 mm in terms of stone expulsion rate (SER), stone expulsion time (SET) and the side effect profile. Materials and methods: A comprehensive literature search was conducted on MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Scopus and Web of Science, from inception until April 2023. Only randomized controlled trials were included in the analysis. Results: Eleven publications with 1,330 patients were included. We observed that tadalafil has a higher SER (OR 0.55, CI 95% 0.38;0.80, p=0.02, I2=52%) and the same efficacy in SET (MD 1.07, CI 95% -0.25; 2.39, p=0.11, I2=84%). No differences were found when comparing side effects as headache, backache, dizziness, and orthostatic hypotension. Conclusion: Tadalafil has a higher stone expulsion rate than tamsulosin as a medical expulsive therapy for patients with distal stones from 5 to 10 mm without differences in side effects.

Use of artificial intelligence for sepsis risk prediction after flexible ureteroscopy: a systematic review / Uso da inteligência artificial na predição do risco de sepse pós-ureteroscopia flexível: uma revisão sistemática

ABSTRACT Introduction: flexible ureteroscopy is a minimally invasive surgical technique used for the treatment of renal lithiasis. Postoperative urosepsis is a rare but potentially fatal complication. Traditional models used to predict the risk of this condition have limited accuracy, while models based on artificial intelligence are more promising. The objective of this study is to carry out a systematic review regarding the use of artificial intelligence to detect the risk of sepsis in patients with renal lithiasis undergoing flexible ureteroscopy. Methods: the literature review is in accordance with the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). The keyword search was performed in MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science and Scopus and resulted in a total of 2,496 articles, of which 2 met the inclusion criteria. Results: both studies used artificial intelligence models to predict the risk of sepsis after flexible uteroscopy. The first had a sample of 114 patients and was based on clinical and laboratory parameters. The second had an initial sample of 132 patients and was based on preoperative computed tomography images. Both obtained good measurements of Area Under the Curve (AUC), sensitivity and specificity, demonstrating good performance. Conclusion: artificial intelligence provides multiple effective strategies for sepsis risk stratification in patients undergoing urological procedures for renal lithiasis, although further studies are needed.

RESUMO Introdução: a ureteroscopia flexível é uma técnica cirúrgica minimamente invasiva utilizada para o tratamento de litíase renal. A urosepse pós-operatória é uma complicação rara, mas potencialmente fatal. Os modelos tradicionais utilizados para prever o risco dessa condição apresentam precisão limitada, enquanto modelos baseados em inteligência artificial são mais promissores. O objetivo desse estudo é realizar uma revisão sistemática a respeito do uso de inteligência artificial para detecção do risco de sepse em pacientes com litíase renal submetidos à ureteroscopia flexível. Métodos: a revisão de literatura está de acordo com o Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA). A busca com palavras-chave foi realizada no MEDLINE, Embase, Web of Science e Scopus e resultou no total de 2.496 artigos, dos quais 2 se enquadraram nos critérios de inclusão. Resultados: os dois estudos utilizaram modelos de inteligência artificial para predizer o risco de sepse após utereroscopia flexível. O primeiro teve uma amostra de 114 pacientes e foi baseado em parâmetros clínicos e laboratoriais. O segundo teve uma amostra inicial de 132 pacientes e foi baseado em imagens de tomografia computadorizada no pré-operatório. Ambos obtiveram boas medidas de Area Under the Curve (AUC), sensibilidade e especificidade, demonstrando boa performance. Conclusão: a inteligência artificial fornece múltiplas estratégias eficazes para estratificação do risco de sepse em pacientes submetidos a procedimentos urológicos para litíase renal, ainda que mais estudos sejam necessários.

Vasopressin in vasoplegic shock in surgical patients: systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose: Vasoplegia, or vasoplegic shock, is a syndrome whose main characteristic is reducing blood pressure in the presence of a standard or high cardiac output. For the treatment, vasopressors are recommended, and the most used is norepinephrine. However, new drugs have been evaluated, and conflicting results exist in the literature. Methods: This is a systematic review of the literature with meta-analysis, written according to the recommendations of the PRISMA report. The SCOPUS, PubMed, and ScienceDirect databases were used to select the scientific articles included in the study. Searches were conducted in December 2022 using the terms "vasopressin," "norepinephrine," "vasoplegic shock," "postoperative," and "surgery." Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager (RevMan) 5.4. The endpoint associated with the study was efficiency in treating vasoplegic shock and reduced risk of death. Results: In total, 2,090 articles were retrieved; after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, ten studies were selected to compose the present review. We found no significant difference when assessing the outcome mortality comparing vasopressin versus norepinephrine (odds ratio = 1.60; confidence interval 0.47-5.50), nor when comparing studies on vasopressin versus placebo. When we analyzed the length of hospital stay compared to the use of vasopressin and norepinephrine, we identified a shorter length of hospital stay in cases that used vasopressin; however, the meta-analysis did not demonstrate statistical significance. Conclusions: Considering the outcomes included in our study, it is worth noting that most studies showed that using vasopressin was safe and can be considered in managing postoperative vasoplegic shock.

Does displacement of lower pole stones during retrograde intrarenal surgery improves stone-free status?: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose: Kidney stones are one of the most common urological diseases worldwide. The size and location of the stone are the most important factors in determining the most suitable treatment options. The aim of this review was to evaluate the displacement of lower pole stones. Methods: Three studies assessing the efficacy of translocating kidney stones from the lower pole of the kidney to other locations during retrograde intrarenal surgery published in the last 20 years were included. A systematic search was conducted in the PubMed, Embase, Latin American and Caribbean Health Sciences Literature (LILACS), and Web of Science databases using the following search terms: "Lower pole," "Lithotripsy." Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager version 5.4. Results: Stone-free rates were improved through displacement (odds ratio - OR = -0.15; 95% confidence interval-95%CI -0.24--0.05; p = 0.002; I2 = 21%), but at the cost of increased surgical duration (mean difference = -12.50; 95%CI -24.06--0.95; p = 0.03; I2 = 94%). Although this represents a potentially negative outcome, the improvement in clearance rates justifies the additional investment of time and effort. Conclusions: Displacement of lower pole kidney stones for subsequent lithotripsy brings significant benefits in terms of stone-free rate, with no difference in laser energy usage. However, it results in increased surgical time. Despite these factors, the benefits to patients undergoing the procedure are substantial.

Comparing financing models for supplementary healthcare in appendectomy: activity-based costing (fee-for-service) vs. diagnosis related group remuneration (bundled payment): a systematic review and meta-analysis

Purpose: In Brazil, healthcare services traditionally follow a fee-for-service (FFS) payment system, in which each medical procedure incurs a separate charge. An alternative reimbursement with the aim of reducing costs is diagnosis related group (DRG) remuneration, in which all patient care is covered by a fixed amount. This work aimed to perform a systematic review followed by meta-analysis to assess the effectiveness of the Budled Payment for Care Improvement (BPCI) versus FFS. Methods: Our work was performed following the items of the PRISMA report. We included only observational trials, and the primary outcome assessed was the effectiveness of FFS and DRG in appendectomy considering complications. We also assessed the costs and length of hospital stay. Meta-analysis was performed with Rev Man version 5.4. Results: Out of 735 initially identified articles, six met the eligibility criteria. We demonstrated a shorter hospital stay associated with the DRG model (mean difference = 0.39; 95% confidence interval ­ 95%CI ­ 0.38­0.40; p < 0.00001; I2 = 0%), however the hospital readmission rate was higher in this model (odds ratio = 1.57; 95%CI 1.02­2.44, p = 0.04; I2 = 90%). Conclusions: This study reveals a potential decrease in the length of stay for appendectomy patients using the DRG approach. However, no significant differences were observed in other outcomes analysis between the two approaches.

Endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage: a literature review / Drenagem biliar endoscópica ecoguiada: revisão da literatura

ABSTRACT Neoplasms of the biliopancreatic confluence may present with obstruction of the bile tract, leading to jaundice, pruritus and cholangitis. In these cases drainage of the bile tract is imperative. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) with placement of a choledochal prosthesis is an effective treatment in about 90% of cases, even in experienced hands. In cases of ERCP failure, therapeutic options traditionally include surgical bypass by hepaticojejunostomy (HJ) or percutaneous transparietohepatic drainage (DPTH). In recent years, endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage techniques have gained space because they are less invasive, effective and have an acceptable incidence of complications. Endoscopic echo-guided drainage of the bile duct can be performed through the stomach (hepatogastrostomy), duodenum (choledochoduodenostomy) or by the anterograde drainage technique. Some services consider ultrasound-guided drainage of the bile duct the procedure of choice in the event of ERCP failure. The objective of this review is to present the main types of endoscopic ultrasound-guided biliary drainage and compare them with other techniques.

RESUMO Neoplasias da confluência biliopancreática podem cursar com obstrução da via biliar, levando a icterícia, prurido e colangite. Nesses casos a drenagem da via biliar é imperativa. A colangiopancreatografia endoscópica retrógrada (CPER) com colocação de prótese coledociana constitui tratamento eficaz em cerca de 90% dos casos mesmo em mãos experientes. Nos casos de insucesso da CPER, tradicionalmente as opções terapêuticas incluem a derivação cirúrgica por hepaticojejunostomia (HJ) ou drenagem percutânea transparietohepática (DPTH). Nos últimos anos as técnicas endoscópicas ecoguiadas de drenagem biliar ganharam espaço por serem menos invasivas, eficazes e apresentarem incidência aceitável de complicações. A drenagem endoscópica ecoguiada da via biliar pode ser realizada pelo estômago (hepatogastrostomia), duodeno (coledocoduodenostomia) ou pela técnica de drenagem anterógrada. Alguns serviços consideram a drenagem ecoguiada da via biliar o procedimento de escolha no caso de insucesso da CPER. O objetivo desta revisão é apresentar os principais tipos de drenagem biliar endoscópica ecoguiada e confrontá-los com outras técnicas.

Canulação biliar difícil: devemos tentar uma segunda CPRE após uma fistulotomia papilar mal-sucedida? / Difficult biliary cannulation: should we always try a second ercp after a failed needle-knife fistulotomy?

ABSTRACT BACKGROUND: A successful bile duct cannulation is a prerequisite for the realization of endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). When biliary cannulation is not possible, needle-knife fistulotomy (NKF) can be performed. However, when biliary access is not successfully achieved even after performing NKF, it is possible to interrupt the procedure, and repeat the ERCP after a short interval. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to analyze if repeating an ERCP after a short interval of 48 hours is effective in achieving biliary access after an initial NKF was unsuccessfully performed. METHODS: A total of 1024 patients with a naive papilla, that underwent ERCP between the years of 2009-2019, were retrospectively reviewed. Difficult biliary cannulation was identified in 238 of these cases and NKF was performed. Success of biliary cannulation, NKF success at the first and second ERCPs, the associations between the type of the papilla, biliary dilatation, and overall success of NKF and adverse events rates were evaluated. RESULTS: Biliary access was initially achieved in 183 (76.8%) cases. Of the 55 (23.1%) remaining cases a second attempt was performed after 48 hours, and biliary access was successfully achieved in 46 (83.6%) of them. The overall success of NKF after the first and second ERCP, the success rate was 96.2%. Papilla located out of its normal position was related to a minor chance of success at NKF (P<0.05). CONCLUSION: We conclude that when biliary access is not achieved after the performance of a NKF, a second attempt is safe and effective and should be attempted.

RESUMO CONTEXTO: A canulação biliar de sucesso é pré-requisito para a realização da colangiopancreatografia retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE). Quando a canulação biliar não é possível, a fistulotomia com auxílio do cateter Needle-Knife (NKF) pode ser realizada. Entretanto, quando o acesso biliar não é atingido mesmo após a realização de um NKF, é possível optar-se pela interrupção do procedimento, e pela repetição da CPRE após curto intervalo de 48 horas. OBJETIVO: O objetivo desse estudo é analisar se a repetição da CPRE após um curto intervalo de 48 horas é efetivo em atingir o acesso biliar, quando um NKF foi realizado inicialmente sem sucesso. MÉTODOS: Um total de 1024 pacientes com papila virgem de tratamento, submetidos à CPRE entre os anos de 2009-2019, foram retrospectivamente analisados. Canulação biliar difícil foi identificada em 238 deles, e NKF foi então realizado. Foram avaliadas as taxas de sucesso durante a canulação biliar, assim como durante a realização de NKF na primeira e segunda CPREs. A associação entre o tipo de papila, dilatação biliar e o sucesso final na realização do NFK também foi avaliada, assim como a presença de eventos adversos associados à realização do NKF. RESULTADOS: Dentre todos os NKF realizados, acesso biliar foi inicialmente atingido em 183 (76,8%) casos. Os 55 (23,1%) casos restantes, foram submetidos a uma segunda CPRE após 48 horas e o acesso biliar foi atingido em 46 (83,6%) deles, resultando em uma taxa final de sucesso, após a primeira e segunda CPREs, de 96,2%. Papila localizada fora da sua posição habitual foi relacionada a menor chance de sucesso durante a realização de NKF (P<0,05). CONCLUSÃO: Concluiu-se que quando o acesso biliar não pode ser atingido após a realização de um NKF, uma segunda CPRE é segura, efetiva e deve ser realizada.

Updated analysis of irritable bowel syndrome: a review of the literature / Análisis actualizado del síndrome de intestino irritable: una revisión de la literatura

Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic pathology with disorders of the bowel-brain interaction, characterized by abdominal pain localized anywhere in the abdomen as well as bowel habit alteration (constipation, diarrhea or mixed), in the absence of any disease that can cause these symptoms. With the updated concepts according to the latest meeting of experts in Rome 2016, our goal is to raise awareness about irritable bowel syndrome, by reviewing the literature regarding definition, classification, pathophysiology, clinical aspects, treatment, prognosis and the future. IBS is a chronic pathology, characterized by abdominal pain, at least 1 day per week in the last 3 months, associated with the alteration of the intestinal bowel habits. With a classification based on the alteration of intestinal bowel movements and in addition to constipation induced by opioids or narcotics, the etiology and pathophysiology are not well explained or well-known so far. The clinical aspects are based on the Rome IV criteria. A good doctor-patient relationship is key to reassuring the patient's doubts about his illness, which increases the chances of adherence to individualized treatment from patient to patient depending on the sing and symptoms that may manifest in those that include: dietary advice, psychological support, in some cases pharmacological prescription, suspension of medications or change medications, minimize the dose of drugs or suspend, according to the needs of the patient as is the case of opioids. The prognosis is still uncertain, and a promising future to illustrate new definitions, classifications, pathophysiologies, clinical aspects and treatments according to the type of clinical manifestation of each patient.

El síndrome del intestino irritable (SII) es una patología crónica con desordenes de la interacción cerebro intestino, caracterizado por dolor abdominal localizado en cualquier parte del abdomen además de alteración del hábito intestinal como (constipación, diarrea o mixto), en ausencia de alguna enfermedad que pueda causar estos síntomas. Con los conceptos actualizados conforme en la última reunión de expertos en Roma 2016, nuestra meta es dar a conocer más sobre el síndrome del intestino irritable, mediante revisión de la literatura en cuanto a definición, clasificación, fisiopatología, aspectos clínicos, tratamiento, pronóstico y el futuro. El SII es una patología crónica, caracterizado por dolor abdominal, por lo menos 1 día por semana en los últimos 3 meses, asociado a la alteración del hábito intestinal. Con una clasificación basada en la alteración de los hábitos intestinales y además de constipación inducida por opioides o narcóticos, la etiología y fisiopatología no están bien explicadas ni se conocen bien hasta el momento. Los aspectos clínicos son basados en los criterios de Roma IV. Una buena relación médico-paciente es clave para tranquilizar las dudas del paciente sobre su enfermedad, lo que aumenta las posibilidades de adherencia al tratamiento individualizado de paciente a paciente dependiendo de las sintomatologías y signos que puedan manifestar en los que incluyen: asesoramiento dietético, apoyo psicológico, en algunos casos cambiar medicación, disminuir al mínimo la dosis del medicamento o suspender, según las necesidades del paciente como son los casos de los opiodes. El pronóstico todavía incierto, y un futuro prometedor para ilustrar nuevas definiciones, clasificaciones, fisiopatologías, aspectos clínicos, tratamientos posiblemente de acuerdo con el tipo de manifestación clínica de cada paciente.

Gastrointestinal ischemia: endoscopic findings in the context of vascular insufficiency

Gastrointestinal ischemia may result from different causes: hemodynamic shock, thromboembolism, endoscopic or surgical complications, among other causes. Its symptoms are pain, vomiting, bleeding and bloating. Endoscopic findings are pale or blackened mucosa, and exudative and confluent ulcerative lesions. This paper aims to report a case of gastroduodenal ischemia associated with hemodynamic shock and disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC). This is a case of a 56-yearsold male with multiple comorbidities, presenting with refractory septic shock and DIC. He underwent an upper gastrointestinal endoscopy (UGE) for investigation of melena, which revealed an extensive deep and exudative gastric ulcer, associated with edematous purplish duodenal mucosa. Due to the severity of the underlying condition, the patient evolved to death, evidencing septic shock as cause of death. Gastroduodenal ischemia is associated with a poor prognosis, in which early diagnosis by UGE is fundamental to guide potential interventions.

La isquemia gastroduodenal puede resultar por diferentes causas: shock hemodinámico, tromboembolismo, complicaciones post-procedimientos endoscópicos o quirúrgicos, entre otras. Sus síntomas son dolor, vómito, hemorragia y distensión abdominal. Los hallazgos endoscópicos son mucosa pálida o ennegrecida, lesiones ulcerativas exudativas y confluentes. Este trabajo relata un caso de isquemia gastrointestinal, asociada a choque hemodinámico y coagulación intravascular diseminada (CID). Este es un caso de un hombre de 56 años de edad, con múltiples comorbilidades, que presenta con shock séptico refractario a tratamiento y CID. El paciente se sometió a una endoscopia digestiva alta (EDA) para la investigación de melena, que reveló una extensa úlcera gástrica exudativa y profunda, asociada con mucosa duodenal violácea e inflamada. Debido a la gravedad de la enfermedad de base, el paciente evolucionó a la muerte, siendo el shock séptico como causa principal. La isquemia gastrointestinal es asociada a un mal pronóstico, en el que el diagnóstico precoz por EDA es fundamental para orientar las posibles intervenciones.

Intervencionismo endoscópico en la pancreatitis crónica / Endoscopic Intervention in Chronic Pancreatitis

Resumen La pancreatitis crónica es un trastorno irreversible y progresivo del páncreas caracterizado por inflamación, fibrosis y cicatrización. Las funciones exocrinas y endocrinas se pierden, lo que a menudo conduce al dolor crónico. La etiología es multifactorial, aunque el alcoholismo es el factor de riesgo más importante en los adultos. Si se sospecha pancreatitis crónica, la tomografía computarizada con contraste es la mejor modalidad de diagnóstico por imágenes. Aunque los narcóticos y los antidepresivos proporcionan el mayor alivio del dolor, más de la mitad de los pacientes eventualmente requiere una intervención por endoscopia o cirugía. La colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica es una alternativa eficaz para una variedad de terapias en el tratamiento de enfermedades benignas y malignas del páncreas. En los últimos 50 años, la endoterapia ha evolucionado hasta convertirse en la terapia de primera línea en la mayoría de las enfermedades inflamatorias agudas y crónicas del páncreas. A medida que avanza este campo, es importante que los gastroenterólogos mantengan un conocimiento adecuado de la indicación del procedimiento, mantengan el volumen de procedimiento suficiente para manejar la endoterapia pancreática compleja y comprendan enfoques alternativos a las enfermedades pancreáticas, incluidos el tratamiento médico, la terapia guiada por ecografía endoscópica, el manejo de las estenosis sintomáticas y cálculos, las intervenciones sobre el plexo celíaco y el drenaje de los pseudoquistes pancreáticos.

Abstract Chronic pancreatitis is an irreversible and progressive disorder of the pancreas characterized by inflammation, fibrosis and scarring. Exocrine and endocrine functions are lost often leading to chronic pain. Its etiology is multifactorial, although alcoholism is the most important risk factor in adults. If chronic pancreatitis is suspected, computed tomography with contrast is the best imaging modality. Although narcotics and antidepressants provide the greatest pain relief, more than half of all patients eventually require intervention by endoscopy or surgery. Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is an effective alternative for a variety of therapies for treating benign and malignant diseases of the pancreas. In the last 50 years, endoscopic treatment has evolved to become the first-line therapy for most acute and chronic inflammatory diseases of the pancreas. As this field progresses, it has become important for gastroenterologists to keep their knowledge of indications for this procedure up-to-date and to perform a sufficient volume of procedures to allow them to manage complex pancreatic endoscopic therapy. Keeping up-to-date should include an understanding of alternative approaches to pancreatic diseases including medical treatment, therapy guided by endoscopic ultrasound, management of symptomatic stenoses and stones, interventions on the celiac plexus, and drainage of pancreatic pseudocysts.

Is the colon mucosa affected by ten days of gastric restriction in an animal model?

Abstract Purpose To identify whether the colon mucosa is affected by ten days of gastric restriction in an animal model. Methods An experimental model of gastric restriction was devised using rats. The animals were submitted to surgical gastrostomy, and a cylindrical loofah was inserted into the stomach. We studied 30 adult male Wistar rats divided into three groups: the stomach restriction group (R10); the sham group (S10), which underwent the same procedure except for the loofah insertion; and the control group (C10). The expression of neutral and acid mucins was evaluated using histochemical techniques. Goblet cells and protein content were compared between groups using generalized estimation equations (GEEs). Bonferroni's multiple comparison was applied to identify differences between the groups. All tests considered a 5% significance level. Results There was an increased expression of neutral mucins, acid mucins and goblet cells in the R10 group. Collagen was also enhanced in the R10 group. Conclusion The colon mucosa is affected by ten days of gastric restriction in an animal model, increasing neutral mucins, acid mucins and collagen content with trophic maintenance.

Rendez-Vous laparoendoscopic after ERCP failure in patient with Billroth II gastrectomy / Laparoscopía por Rendez-Vous luego de falla de CPRE en un paciente con gastectomía Billroth II

Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) is the treatment of choice in patients with choledocholithiasis. However, despite its high success rate, in some cases it is not successful, requiring alternative therapy. Billroth II partial gastrectomy is a condition associated with an important failure rate of ERCP. When endoscopic treatment fails, surgical exploration of the bile duct is the most common approach. However, the surgery is related to a greater complexity of execution and morbimortality. We describe the case of a patient with choledocholithiasis and Billroth II partial gastrectomy, submitted to the combined treatment called rendez-vous laparoendoscopic, after failure of ERCP, which unites in a single stage the endoscopic treatment of choledocholithiasis and laparoscopic removal of the gallbladder. We conclude that this therapeutic approach was effective, safe, with low cost and without complications.

La colangiopancreatografía endoscópica retrógrada (CPRE) es el tratamiento de elección en pacientes portadores de coledocolitiasis. Sin embargo, a pesar de su elevada tasa de éxito, en algunos casos no es exitosa, exigiendo terapia alternativa. La gastrectomía parcial con reconstrucción a Billroth II es una condición asociada a la importante tasa de fracaso de la CPRE. Cuando el tratamiento endoscópico falla, la exploración quirúrgica de la vía biliar es un enfoque más común. Sin embargo, la cirugía se relaciona con una mayor complejidad de ejecución y morbimortalidad. Describimos el caso de un paciente con coledocolitiasis y gastrectomía parcial con reconstrucción a Billroth II, sometido al tratamiento combinado denominado rendez-vous laparoendoscópico tras fallo de la CPRE, que une en una sola etapa el tratamiento endoscópico de la coledocolitiasis y la retirada laparoscópica de la vesícula biliar. Llegamos a la conclusión de que este enfoque terapéutico fue eficaz, seguro, de bajo costo y sin complicaciones.

Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy applied in pediatrics: endoscopic and histological findings, including Helicobacter pylori / Endoscopia digestiva alta aplicada em pediatria: hallazgos endoscópicos e histológicos incluyendo al Helicobacter pylory

Objective: To present and discuss the endoscopic and histological results, as well as the incidence of Helicobacter pylori and other diseases, indications and characteristics of upper digestive endoscopies performed in children. Material and methods: Twenty-five endoscopies were performed in children aged six months to 11 years (mean 7.69 years), from February 2013 to January 2016. In 200 patients, endoscopies were diagnostic and serial biopsies were performed (esophagus, stomach and duodenum), in 120 of them. Results: The indication of endoscopy was diagnosed in 88.89% of the patients, and in 26 patients, a therapeutic procedure was performed. The most frequent endoscopic findings were esophagitis in 49 patients, gastritis in 84 and duodenitis in 16 patients. Four duodenal ulcers were diagnosed. In the therapeutic endoscopies, six gastrostomies were performed, 14 foreign body withdrawals, five nasoenteral tube passages and esophageal dilatation. The H. pylori survey was performed by anatomopathological method and was positive in 26 (13%) of the 200 patients in whom it was searched. Conclusion: pediatric endoscopy is an important niche of the digestive endoscopy, where it is important to emphasize the relevance of the institutional structure that performs these procedures, in order to conduct them safely, being able to treat possible and feasible complications

Objetivo: Presentar y discutir los hallazgos endoscópicos e histológicos, así como la incidencia de Helicobacter pylori y otras enfermedades, indicaciones y características de endoscopia digestiva alta realizada en niños. Material y métodos: Fueron realizadas 225 endoscopias en niños de seis meses a 11 años (media de 7,69 años) a partir de febrero de 2013 hasta enero de 2016. En 200 pacientes, en las endoscopias diagnósticas se llevan a cabo biopsias seriadas (esófago, estómago y duodeno) en 120 de ellos. Resultados: La indicación de endoscopia fue diagnóstica en el 88,89% de los pacientes y en 26 pacientes se realizaron un procedimiento terapéutico. Los hallazgos endoscópicos más frecuentes fueron esofagitis en 49 pacientes, gastritis y duodenitis 84 y en 16 pacientes se diagnosticaron cuatro úlceras duodenales. En endoscopias terapéuticas fueron realizadas seis gastrostomías, catorce extracciones de cuerpos extraños, cinco pasajes de sonda nasogástrica y una dilatación esofágica. El estudio de H. pylori se realizó por el método histopatológico y fué positivo en 26 (13%) de 200 pacientes en los que se han buscado. Conclusión: La endoscopía pediátrica es un nicho importante de la endoscopía digestiva donde es importante enfatizar la relevancia de la estructura institucional que realiza estos procedimientos para conducirlos con seguridad y ser capaces de tratar las complicaciones posibles

Ex Vivos Models to Teaching Therapeutic Endoscopic Ultrasound (T-EUS) / Modelos ex-vivo en aprendizaje de la ecoendoscopia terapéutica (EE-T)

Background: Endoscopic ultrasound training has a learning curve greater than the other endoscopic therapeutic techniques. One of the preclinical teaching methods is the use of ex vivo porcine models. Aim: To describe five ex vivo porcine models for training in therapeutic echoendoscopic procedures. Materials and methods: Using porcine digestive tract containing esophagus, stomach, duodenum, spleen, liver and gallbladder, five models for therapeutic echoendoscopy training were described. With other segments of the porcine pieces (such as the bladder, spleen segment and omentum segment) and with easily accessible materials (such as grape and ultrasound gel), lesions were simulated to be treated. These models were applied in the Hands on course at the IRCAD (Institut de recherche contre les cancers de l'appareil digestif) Barretos of 2017. Endoscopic equipment and instruments are the same as those used in clinical practice. Result: The models are easily reproducible and do not require exchange during the hands on course period. Endoscopic and echographic imaging and tactile sensitivity are similar to the real one. Conclusion: The models described in this study demonstrated to be realistic, easy to reproduce and allow repetition during the same session. However, comparative studies are necessary to verify the real impact on teaching

Racional: El entrenamiento de la ecoendoscopía tiene una curva de aprendizaje mayor que las demás técnicas endoscópicas terapéuticas. Uno de los métodos de enseñanza preclínica es el uso de modelos porcinosex vivos. Objetivo: Describir cinco modelos porcino sex vivo para entrenamiento de procedimientos ecoendoscópicos terapéuticos. Materiales y método: Utilizando el tracto digestivo porcino, que contiene esófago, estómago, duodeno, delgado, hígado y vesícula biliar, se han descrito cinco modelos para el entrenamiento de ecoendoscopía terapéutica. Con otros segmentos de la pieza porcina (como vejiga, segmento de delgado, bazo y omento) y con materiales de fácil acceso (como uva y gel de ecografía), se simularon lesiones a ser tratadas. Estos modelos se aplicaron en el curso Handsonenel IRCAD (Institut de recherche contre les cancers de l'appareil digestif) Barretos de 2017. Los aparatos e instrumentos endoscópicos son los mismos utilizados en la práctica clínica. Resultado: Los modelos forman de fácil reproducibilidad, no siendo necesario el cambio de la pieza porcina durante el período del curso Handson. La imagen endoscópica y ecográfica y la sensibilidad táctil son similares a la real. Conclusión: Los modelos descritos en este trabajo han demostrado ser realistas, de fácil reproducción y permiten repetición durante la misma sesión. Sin embargo, los estudios comparativos son necesarios para verificar el impacto real en la enseñanza

Full-thickness endoscopic gastric resection using a stapler and gastrostomy: a feasibility study / Ressecção gástrica parcial endoscópica utilizando a combinação de grampeador e gastrostomia: estudo de viabilidade

ABSTRACT Background: Laparoscopic sleeve gastrectomy (LSG) is currently the most frequently performed bariatric procedure in Turkey. The goal of weight reduction surgery is not only to decrease excess weight, but also to improve obesity related comorbidities and quality of life (QoL). Aim: To evaluate the impact of LSG on patient quality of life, weight loss, and comorbidities associated with morbid obesity according to the updated BAROS criteria. Methods: Eleven hundred thirty-eight adult patients were undergone to LSG by our bariatric surgery team between January 2013 and January 2016. A questionnaire (The Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System - BAROS) was published on social media. The data on postoperative complications were collected from hospital database. Results: Number of respondants was 562 (49.4%). Six of 1138 patients(0.5%) had leakage. All patients who had leakage were respondants. The overall complication rate was 7.7%. After a mean period of 7.4±5.3 months(1-30), mean excess weight loss was 71.3±27.1% (10.2-155.4). The respondants reported 772 comorbidities. Of these, 162 (30%) were improved, and 420 (54.4%) were resolved. The mean scores for QoL were significantly increased after LSG (range, p<0.05 to <0.001). Of the 562 patients, 26 (4.6%) were classified as failures; 86 (15.3%) fair; 196 (34.9%) good; 144 (25.6%) very good, and 110 (19.6%) excellent results according to the updated BAROS scoring system. Conclusion: LSG is a highly effective bariatric procedure in the manner of weight control, improvement in comorbidities and increasing of QoL in short- and mid-term.

RESUMO Racional: A gastrectomia vertical laparoscópica (LSG) é atualmente o procedimento bariátrico mais frequentemente realizado na Turquia. O objetivo da operação de redução de peso não é apenas diminuir o excesso de peso, mas também melhorar as comorbidades e a qualidade de vida relacionadas à obesidade (QoL). Objetivo: Avaliar o impacto do LSG na qualidade de vida dos pacientes, perda de peso e comorbidades associadas à obesidade mórbida de acordo com os critérios BAROS atualizados. Métodos: Estudo não-randomizado de intervenção comportamental e de saúde pública. Um total de 1138 pacientes adultos foram submetidos a LSG entre janeiro de 2013 e janeiro de 2016. Um questionário (The Bariatric Analysis and Reporting Outcome System - BAROS foi utilizado. Os dados sobre complicações pós-operatórias foram coletados do banco de dados hospitalar. Resultados: Responderam ao questionário 562 (49,4%) pacientes. Seis de 1138 pacientes (0,5%) tiveram deiscência e todos estes responderam a pesquisa. A taxa geral de complicações foi de 7,7%. Após período médio de 7,4±5,3 meses (1-30), a perda média de excesso de peso foi de 71,3±27,1% (10,2-155,4). Os questionados relataram 772 comorbidades. Destes, 162 (30,0%) foram melhorados e 420 (54,4%) foram resolvidos.Os escores médios de QoL foram significativamente aumentados após LSG (p<0,05 a <0,001). Dentre os resultados dos 562 pacientes, 26 (4,6%) foram classificadas como falhas; 86 (15,3%) regular; 196 (34,9%) bom;144 (25,6%) muito bom; e 110 (19,6%) excelente de acordo com para o sistema de pontuação BAROS atualizado. Conclusão: O LSG é procedimento bariátrico altamente efetivo para controle de peso, melhora nas comorbidades e aumento da QoL em curto e meio prazos.

Eus-fna with 19 or 22 gauges needles for gastric subepithelial lesions of the muscle layer / Punção aspirativa ecoguiada com agulhas de 19 e 22 gauges para lesões subepiteliais gástricas da camada muscular própria

ABSTRACT Background: Tissue diagnosis is required for gastric subepithelial lesions for differential diagnosis of GISTs. However, there has not been consensus about the best needle for EUS-guided sampling of these lesions. Aim: To evaluate the diagnostic yield of EUS-FNA for gastric subepithelial lesions of the proper muscle layer with large-bore 19 gauge needles. Methods: A prospectively maintained database was retrospectively reviewed to identify consecutive patients who underwent EUS-FNA with 19 and 22 gauge needles for gastric subepithelial lesions of the fourth endosonographic layer in a tertiary care referral center. EUS-FNA was performed by the same endosonographer, using the fanning technique, without on-site cytopathologist. Specimens were analysed through cell blocks by the same pathologist. Procedure results were categorized into diagnostic, defined as enough material for histopathology and immunohistochemistry, or nondiagnostic. Results: Eighty-nine patients (mean age: 59 years, 77% women) underwent 92 EUS-FNA with 19 (75) or 22 (17) gauge needles. Mean lesion size was 22.6 mm. Overall diagnostic yield was 88%. The diagnostic yield of 19 gauge was higher than that of 22 gauge needle (92%x70.6%; p=0.0410), and similar for lesions >2 cm and <2 cm (93.7%x90.7%; p=0.9563). The best performance for 19 gauge needles was obtained performing <3 needle passes. Complication rate was 2.8%. Conclusions: Diagnostic yield of EUS-FNA with 19 gauge needles is 92% for gastric subepithelial lesions of the proper muscle layer. It is safe and highly valuable for differentiation between GIST and leiomyoma, no matter the size of the lesion.

RESUMO Racional: O diagnóstico tecidual é mandatório nas lesões subepiteliais gástricas da camada muscular própria para o diagnóstico diferencial das neoplasias do estroma gastrointestinal (GISTs). Contudo, ainda não há consenso quanto a melhor agulha para a punção ecoguiada destas lesões. Objetivo: Avaliar o valor da punção aspirativa ecoguiada com agulhas calibrosas de 19 gauge para o diagnóstico diferencial das lesões subepiteliais gástricas da camada muscular própria. Métodos: Foram revisados retrospectivamente os registros de pacientes consecutivos submetidos à punção aspirativa ecoguiada com agulhas de 19 e 22 gauge de lesões subepiteliais gástricas da quarta camada ecográfica em um centro de referência. A punção aspirativa foi realizada sempre pelo mesmo endoscopista, com o emprego da técnica de fanning, sem presença de citopatologista em sala. O material aspirado foi avaliado apenas pela técnica de cell block pelo mesmo patologista. Os resultados foram considerados diagnósticos, na presença de material adequado para coloração pela H&E e imunoistoquímica, ou não-diagnósticos. Resultados: Oitenta e nove pacientes (idade média: 59 anos, 77% do sexo feminino) foram submetidos a 92 punções aspirativas ecoguiadas com agulhas de 19 (75) ou 22 (17) gauges. O tamanho médio das lesões foi de 22,6 mm. O ganho diagnóstico geral foi de 88%. O ganho diagnóstico para as agulhas de 19 gauge foi superior ao das agulhas de 22 gauge (92%x70,6%; p=0,0410), e similar para lesões >2 cm e <2 cm (93,7%x90,7%; p=0,9563). Os melhores resultados com a agulha de 19 gauge foram obtidos com a realização de até três punções. A taxa de complicações foi de 2,8%. Conclusão: O ganho diagnóstico da punção aspirativa ecoguiada de lesões subepiteliais gástricas da camada muscular própria com agulhas de 19 gauge é de 92%. A punção com a agulha mais calibrosa para lesões de qualquer tamanho é procedimento seguro e de grande valor no diagnóstico diferencial dos GISTs e leiomiomas.

Laparoendoscopic rendez-vous: a safe alternative to the treatment of choledocholithiasis / Rendez-vous láparo-endoscópico: una alternativa segura en el tratamiento de la colecocolitiasis

The choice treatment for choledocholithiasis when associated with lithiasic cholecystitis is endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP). However, in some cases this therapeutic fails, which requires an alternative method to extract the stones. The surgical approach tends to be the next step, but it is related to greater complexity of achievement and higher complications rates. In 1993, Deslandres et al. developed the combined treatment called laparoendoscopic rendez- vous, that unites in a single stage the endoscopic treatment of choledocholithiasis and laparoscopic removal of the gallbladder. We report the case of a patient diagnosed with common bile duct (CBD) stones, in which the conventional CPRE was not successful, and was taken to treatment by laparoendoscopic approach. We conclude, based on this case and on other published studies, that this therapeutic modality has advantages for being feasible, presenting low complications rate, shorter hospital stay and acceptable cost

El tratamiento de elección para la coledocolitiasis cuando se asocia con colecistitis litiásica es la colangiopancreatografía retrógrada endoscópica (CPRE). Sin embargo, en algunos casos ese tratamiento falla, requiriendo un método alternativo para extraer los cálculos. El abordaje quirúrgico tiende a ser el siguiente paso, pero se relaciona con una mayor complejidad de ejecución y mayores tasas de complicaciones. En 1993, Deslandres et al. desarrolló el tratamiento combinado llamado rendez-vous laparoendoscópico, que reúne en una sola etapa el tratamiento endoscópico de la coledocolitiasis y la extracción laparoscópica de la vesícula biliar. Presentamos el caso de una paciente diagnosticada con litiasis en la via biliar común, en el que la CPRE convencional no tuvo éxito, fue entonces enviada al tratamiento laparoendoscópico. Llegamos a la conclusión, basado en este caso y en otros estudios publicados, que esta modalidad terapéutica tiene ventajas por ser factible, teniendo bajos índices de complicaciones, menor estancia hospitalaria y costo aceptable

Perforated Meckel's diverticulum: una entidad inusual / Divertículo de Meckel perforado

We report a patient with diffuse peritonitis due to perforation of Meckel's diverticulum. This patient was referred to the operating room and underwent bowel resection segment encompassing the area of the diverticulum and terminoterminal primary enteroanastomosis on two levels with good evolution. The diverticulum complications are often related to the presence of ectopic mucosa, especially the gastric and pancreatic type. Since preoperative diagnosis is difficult and infrequent, in most cases this anomaly is confirmed only during surgery. Surgical resection of the affected intestinal segment is the mainstay of treatment in both diverticula diagnosed incidentally, as the complicated by inflammation, bleeding, obstruction or perforation. We conclude that in cases of acute abdomen punctured, the diagnosis of Meckel's diverticulum should be considered.

Se describe el caso de un paciente con peritonitis difusa debido a la perforación de un divertículo de Meckel. Este paciente fue llevado a la sala de operaciones y fue sometido a resección del segmento intestinal incluyendo el área del divertículo y enteroanastomosis primaria termino-terminal en dos niveles, con buena evolución. Las complicaciones del divertículo a menudo están relacionadas con la presencia de mucosa ectópica especialmente del tipo gástrica y pancreática. Dado que el diagnóstico preoperatorio es difícil y poco frecuente, en la mayoría de los casos esta anomalía se confirma únicamente durante la intervención quirúrgica. La resección quirúrgica del segmento intestinal afectado es el pilar del tratamiento, tanto en los divertículos hechos con diagnóstico en forma casual, como el complicado por la inflamación, sangrado, obstrucción o perforación. Llegamos a la conclusión de que en los casos de abdomen agudo perforados el diagnóstico de divertículo de Meckel debe ser considerado.