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Background: Corona Virus Disease-19 (COVID-19) is an infectious pandemic that has recently emerged. Preventive steps made to curb the spread have far-reaching consequences across all sectors and age groups. Adolescents are the most silent victims. They are not unconcerned about the COVID-19 Pandemic's severe psychological impact. Fears, uncertainty, significant changes in their routines, physical and social isolation, and a high level of parental stress affect them. The aim of this study is to identify the effect of the COVID- 19 pandemic on mental health of adolescent girls. Methodology: Data was collected through an online survey during the month of June and July 2021. In this study, 228 participants were included. The impact of the Corona virus pandemic on participants' mental health was assessed using a validated questionnaire. Result: The study showed that most of the adolescent girls were feeling stressful due to not able to go to school (75%), not able to meet friends (56%) and confined in a house during COVID-19 pandemic. 66% girls showed fear of corona infection, 50% girls were worried, 35% were showed anxiety whereas 25% girls showed restlessness and fear of death due to COVID-19. Conclusion: The findings imply that during the COVID-19 pandemic, adolescent girls are more concerned about government constraints aimed at preventing the virus's spread, and that these concerns are linked to higher anxiety, fear, restlessness, and worry. To avoid the situation from worsening, more research and support should be done.
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Background: Mild microcytic hypochromic anaemias due to iron deficiency (IDA) and beta thalassemia trait(β-TT) continue to be a cause of significant burden to the society, particularly in the poorer developing countries. The objective of the present study was to study the RBC based indices in patients of marked anisopoikilocytosis in determining the etiology of it, to standardize few automated red cell parameters, and also objective grading of RBC morphology on peripheral smear and interpreting its utility in indicating a diagnosis. Also, to establish a relation between value of RBC indices with that of degree of anisocytosis.Methods: A total of 500 patients diagnosed with mild microcytic hypochromic anaemia on complete blood count and peripheral blood film were included in the study. Hb, RBC count, MCV, MCH and RDW obtained from the electronic cell counter were used to calculate discrimination indices by various mathematical formulae. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV) and Youden’s index (YI) were calculated.Results: Green and King index demonstrated the lowest sensitivity of 70.51%. Mentzer index demonstrated the highest specificity of 96.80%. The highest and lowest PPV were found for Mentzer index (97.09%) and Sehgal index (92.81%) respectively. Sehgal’s index demonstrated the highest NPV of 95.96% and lowest NPV was exhibited by G and K (87.9%). The highest and the lowest values for Youden’s index were shown by Sehgal’s index (87.82%) and G and K index (68.47%).Conclusions: Sehgal’s index followed by Mentzer index are highly sensitive and reasonably specific in differentiating β-TT from IDA and none of the indices is 100% sensitive and specific. Though HbA2 estimation is the gold standard for diagnosing β-TT, in developing countries, Sehgal index followed by Mentzer et al, index can be used to screen mild microcytic hypochromic anaemia cases to eliminate as many false positive cases as possible to reduce the financial cost.
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Background & Objectives: Since an ancient time tuberculosis is a widely distributed in all over world more particularly in a country like India. Extra–pulmonary involvement is also common in which Peripheral lymphnode involvement is the commonest form of extra–pulmonary mycobacterial disease and cervical region is the most frequent site nowadays, there is increased incidence of Tuberculous lymphadenitis due to increased prevalence of HIV. Even with the best treatment available, tuberculosis of lymphnode still remains a problem for the clinician, because of late diagnosis, poverty and ignorance of symptoms. Hence this study has been undertaken to evaluate tuberculosis cervical lymphadenitis with special emphasis based on FNAC. Surgical excision biopsy followed by histopathological examination is time consuming, costly, required hospitalization, pre and post procedure complications hence patients compliance is poor. While fine needle aspiration cytology is simple, rapid, cheaper and outpatient department procedure. The success rate of diagnosis from FNAC is around 75–90% in various studies. Methods: A prospective, observational study was conducted among the patients who attended Tuberculosis & Respiratory Diseases Department from June 2011 to March 2013 in a tertiary care hospital with features of Peripheral Extra pulmonary Tubercular Lymphadenopathy. A total of 124 cases of peripheral extra pulmonary tubercular Lymphadenopathy were studied from June 2011 to March 2013. A detailed history, complete physical examination, various laboratory work and radiological studies carried out. Diagnosis of TB made by histopathological & Tuberculin test was done with 10 TU PPD (0.1 ml) on left forearm and reading was taken after 48 hours. Majority patients were sent to pathology department for fine needle aspiration cytology of affected gland. Patients were having private FNAC report suggestive of tuberculous lymphadenitis were also considerd in study. Result: In the present study of 124 patients having Tuberculous Lymphadenopathy, the commonest age group affected is below 40 years (85% patients).Females are affected more than males (M:F ratio 1:1.03). With most of the patients coming from lower socioeconomic status. Majority of patients (72%) were presented with painless swelling in neck and 91% patients had attended health facility within 3 months.Family history positive in 04 (03%) of patients. Most of the time in tuberculous lymphadenopathy patients present with swelling only i.e 106 (86%) and 18 (14%) patients with either cold abscess or pus discharge so simple lymph node enlargement is common. 67 % patients show raised ESR. It may help in supportive diagnosis of tuberculous aetiology.67% patients show tuberculin test positive which also may help in diagnosis of tubercular aetiology. 10(08%) patients of lymphadenopathy had abnormal chest radiogram. Majority of the patients have normal leukocyte count with normal lymphocyte.Only 03 patients are found sputum positive in 124 tubercular lymphadenitis patients.It might be due to direct spread of infection from tonsil to regional lymphnode.Primary infection may occur in lymphoid tissue of tonsil.Only 1 patient is found HIV reactive in this study.This might be due to less HIV prevalence in rural population. Conclusion: It was observed that cervical region lymph node was more commonly involved and fine needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) was found to be a safe, useful, reliable, effective method for early diagnosis of tubercular lymphadenitis and early institution of definitive therapy. It is a comparatively cheap and less time consuming method. Adults are more affected than old people and females are affected more than males. ESR help in supportive diagnosis of Tuberculous etiology and tuberculin test positive also may help in diagnosis of tubercular etiology.
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Background: Bronchogenic carcinoma is a malignant neoplasm of the lung arising from the epithelium of the bronchus or bronchiole. The bronchogenic carcinoma is classified as Squamous cell carcinoma, Small cell carcinoma, Adenocarcinoma, Large cell Carcinoma and Adeno-squamous carcinoma. Methodology: 50 patients of known bronchogenic carcinoma from the P.D.U. Genral hospital and Medical College were included in the study; 48 patients were investigated as Fine Needle Aspiration Cytology for histopathological classification. Results: The commonest bronchogenic carcinoma was squamous cell carcinoma (42%) followed by adenocarcinoma (20%), small cell carcinoma (4%), adenosqumaous cell carcinoma (4%) and large cell carcinoma (2%). Conclusion: The histopathological examination of bronchogenic carcinoma cases is helpful for the management of the patients.
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We describe an unusual case of snake bite presumably due to Krait (Bungarus Caeruleus) in a 12-year-old child from Mohali, Punjab. He presented with a history of bite behind his left ear, while he was sleeping at night on floor. He had bilateral ptosis, dysphonia initially, which progressed gradually to cause respiratory paralysis. Child was managed with antisnake venom, ventilation and other supportive measures. He recovered gradually, but persisted to have lower motor neuron paralysis of left facial nerve, which was noted post extubation. This uncommon presentation could be because of exposure of the facial muscles to the venom, spreading directly from the injection site and destroying the nerve terminals of facial nerve in the muscle tissue. At three months follow-up, child showed complete recovery. Facial nerve involvement following snake bite, which usually has a good prognosis, remain an uncommon presentation in paediatric age group.
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A patient of tuberculous osteomyelitis of the bone flap following craniotomy for acute subdural hemorrhage which was treated at Surat Municipal Institute of Medical Education & Research (SMIMER) from June 2010 has been reported. This report emphasizes the fact that while treating osteomyelitis of bone flap following craniotomy, possibility of tuberculosis should be considered, especially in our country. Treatment wise, the disease responded readily to routine anti-tubercular chemotherapy.
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This article reviews the various methods of three-dimensional (3D) imaging in orthodontics including the origin and history. Various technologies of 3D imaging applicable to the field of orthodontics such as Structured light ,Stereophotogrammetry, 3D Facial Morphometry, Dynamic stereometry, Laser scanning,Magnetic resonance imaging, Computed tomograghy, Cone beam computerized tomography.Present and future perspectives of 3D imaging in orthodontics