Analysis of orbital malignancies presenting in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan

Objective: To determine the frequencies of various orbital malignancies amongst orbital lesions in patients presenting in a tertiary care hospital in Pakistan

Methods: A retrospective analysis of 666 orbital cases with an established histopathological diagnosis of malignant tumors treated in Mayo Hospital Lahore from 1996 to 2015 [20 years]

Results: About 66% of the malignant tumors were primary, 25% secondary, 8% haematopoietic and 1% metastatic. Almost 50% of the cases were children. Retinoblastoma is the commonest tumor [43% overall and 87% among children]. Squamous cell carcinoma is the second commonest [15.6% overall and 31% among adults]. These are then followed by Adenoid cystic carcinoma of Lacrimal Gland [9%], Lymphoma/Leukaemia [8%] and Rhabdomyosarcoma [6.3%]

Conclusion: Frequencies of various orbital malignancies show geographical variation in both paediatric and adult population

Fundus findings and visual functions in Pathological Myopia

Background: Visual function is a group of specific properties of eye which are essential for comprehensive vision of an individual. Pathological myopia is the condition of eye in which axial length of eye is more than 24mm and refractive error is more than -6 D

Objectives: To evaluate the visual functions in patients with high myopia and to find the most common finding of fundus in pathological myopia

Methodology: This was a descriptive cross sectional study which was conducted on seventy five subjects. Samples were selected by using non probability purposive sampling technique. Visual functions were assessed by using i.e visual acuity by Snellen chart, contrast sensitivity by lea numbers, visual field by confrontation method, color vision by D-15, glare by BAT [brightness acuity test], funds finding by indirect ophthalmoscope. Results: Study was conducted on 75 subjects [150] eyes. Best corrected visual acuity [BCV] was 6/6 to 6/9, 6/9 to 6/12 and 6/9 to 6/18 in myopes with -6.00DS to -8.00DS, - 8.00DS to - 10.00DS,-11.00DS and in -15.00DS respectively. Visual field in myopes from -6.00DS to -8.00DS was normal, it was constricted in myopes more than -9.00DS. Contrast sensitivity [CS] of Myopes having refractive error of -6.00DS to -8.0DS, - 9.00DS to -14.00DS and ? -14.00 DS had 1.25%, 1.25%-2.50% and 5% contrast respectively. 55 subjects having refractive errors from -6.00 DS to -12.00 DS had normal color vision for more than -12.00DS refractive errors. Color vision was defective in 45% subjects specially for blue color. Glare was present in 15 myopes with refractive error more than -14.00DS. The most common fundus findings in pathological myopes were myopic crescent, temporal tilting of optic disc and posterior staphyloma in severe pathological myopes. Conclusion: Visual functions were reduced in high degree of myopia. Myopic crescent, temporal displacement of disc and posterior staphyloma are most common fundus findings in pathological myopes

Epithelial ingrowth after penetrating trauma

This is a case report about the anterior segment findings of epithelial ingrowth in a young female patient after penetrating trauma. The patient underwent multiple surgeries after penetrating trauma and epithelial ingrowth was noted on regular follow-up. Epithelial ingrowth was noted along the inner surface of corneal endothelium along with the presence of cysts. These findings suggest that epithelium penetrated through the site of perforation and grew along endothelium. Although epithelial ingrowth is a commonly reported complication of photorefractive surgery, it is rarely reported after trauma to eye. To authors' knowledge, this is the first reported case of epithelial ingrowth in Pakistan

Refractive errors among children aged 6-15 years playing video games

Background: A refractive error is an error in the focusing of light by the eye and a frequent reason for reduced visual acuity. The burden of uncorrected refractive errors among our population is large and as effective interventions are available, prompt identification can improve quality of life

Objective: To determine association between duration of playing video games and different types of refractive errors among children between age 06 to 15 Years

Patients and Methods: In this cross sectional study 100 children [95 Male and 05 Female] were registered and vision of all the subjects were checked using a distance Snellens visual acuity chart. Retinoscopy and subjective refraction were done in the subjects having visual acuity less than 06/12 in one or both eyes. Questions regarding their habits of playing video games along with its duration were asked, with demographic features of each study subject

Results: Out of the 100 subjects, 18 were found to have refractive errors, mainly; myopia [72.22%], hyperopia [16.7%] and astigmatism [11.1%]. Our study showed no significant relation of refractive error with their habit of playing different types of video games. However, there was significant relation between refractive error and duration of playing video games

Conclusion: It is concluded that there is a significant association between refractive errors and duration of playing video games in children, and this relation needs to be further explored on large scale