Frequency of determinants of child labour in motor car workshops of Southern Punjab

Background: Child labour effects health of a child in many ways

Objective: To find out the frequency of determinants of child labour in children working in the motor car workshops at Bahawalpur

Methodology: Study Design: Cross sectional study

Setting: The study was carried out at motor car workshops Bahawalpur, Southern Punjab. Duration: 26th April to 23rd August, 2014. A sample of 60 children working at motor car workshop was taken by simple random sampling technique. The data was collected through a pre designed questionnaire. The information was collected about education of the parents, family size, economic status of the parents, parents income. The data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 15

Results: The study showed that majority of the children were illiterate [51.6%], most of them [85%] were living with their parents. Majority [58.34%] of the children in child labour were found to be coming from large families, [5-7 number]. In majority of cases parents income was less than 2000 rupees per month. Conclusion: Our study revealed that most of the children working as child labour belonged from poor, socio economic strata of society, were illiterate, belonged from large families and were not attending school

Prevalence of depression among medical students of Quaid-E-Azam Medical College, Bahawalpur

Background: Depression is psychological disorder that affects the person's mood, physical functions and social interactions. Medical students remain under stress that often exerts a negative effect on the academic performances, physical health and psychological well-being of students

Objective:To determine the prevalence of stress among medicals students

Methodology: Study Design: Cross-sectional study. Setting: Quaid-e-Azam Medical College Bahawalpur, Duration: 27 April to 30 May 2016. 100 students of either sex of Quaid-e-Azam Medical College were included in the study. A predesigned, pretested questionnaire and counting sampling technique was used to collect the data. Hamilton depression scale was used assess depression. The data was entered and analyzed by using SPSS version 16

Results: This study included 100 undergraduate medical students to assess prevalence of depression. Mean age was 21 +/- 2 years with age range of 18-27 years. 25% students were mildly depressed, 13% moderately and 15% severely depressed, whereas, 47% were normal

Conclusion: High prevalence of depression was found in medical in undergraduate level. Students it poses additional challenges for student's support service delivery

Male contraception; knowledge, attitude and practice among male population of Hansra Basti Bahawalpur

To determine the knowledge and practice regarding male contraceptive methods among married male population of Hansra basti Bahawalpur, Pakistan. This observational [Descriptive] cross sectional study was carried out at Hansra Basti Bahawalpur from May 2011, to June 2011. A total of 100 married males were selected by simple random sampling. Data was collected by pre-designed, pre-tested, questionnaire to collect the information from study population. An interview was conducted at respondents' house in local language. Privacy was ensured. About 82% have knowledge about any of the male contraceptive methods and out of those 18% were practicing any one of the family planning methods. Condom [Barrier] was most used method [77.7%] followed by the traditional methods i.e abstinence [27.7%] and coitus interrupts [11.11%] where as result regarding vasectomy was nil. Source of knowledge mainly was media [44%] followed by through health professional [30%], wife [25%] and friends [21%]. In present setting men have good knowledge of male contraceptive methods. However very small number is practicing the contraceptive measures

Fetomaternal outcome in women with grandmultiparity and multiparity

To compare the maternal and neonatal outcome in multiparas and grand multiparas. Study. This prospective study was carried out in outpatient Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Quaid-e-Azam Medical College, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur from January 2009 to June 2009, A total of 380 deliveries were recorded in this study and divided into equal two groups A and B. The mean ages among the groups were not significantly different. Majority of the patients belong to the age groups of 31-35 years, With regards to gestational age, majority of the patients were found between 37-40 weeks of gestation in both groups [A and B]. We found 70.52% [n=134] with vaginal delivery in Group-B and 44.74% [n=85] in Group-A; abdominal delivery in 29.48% [n=56] in Group-B and 55.26% [n=105] in Group-A. Maternal morbidity regarding Anemia, APH, Stillbirth, PIH, Preterm delivery was analyzed and found a significant higher rate. Neonatal outcome with regards to Apgar score <6 at 1 minute, it was found present in 11.05% [n=21] in Group-A and 4.73% [n=9] in Group-B, while rest of patients i.e. 88.94% [n=169] in Group-A and 95.27% [n=181] in Group-B were found to have neonatal Apgar score of >6 at 1 minute. Grand multiparity is still a major obstetrics hazard in our set up with higher incidence of complications

Maternal complications attributed to induced abortion

To estimate prevalence and factors of induced abortion both therapeutically induced and illegally induced and know clinical presentations and complications of induced abortion. Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics Unit I. Bahawal Victoria Hospital. Bahawalpur affiliated with Quaid-i-Azain Medical College, Bahawalpur. This study was conducted from April 2001 to April. 2002. A prospective observational study. The sample size was 25 patients who fulfilled the criteria and were admitted to ward. A woman is labeled as case of illegally induced only on voluntary confession as per rule if is. A total number of 2150 women were admitted during the study period. Out of these 1775 [84.32%] had pregnancy related complaints and 315 [14.65%] had H/O abortion. Twenty five women [7.93%] had induced abortion i.e. 21 cases [6.66%] illegally and 4 cases [1.26%] therapeutic induced abortion. Induced abortion was common in illiterate [64%]. poor [44%], 25-34 years age group [68%]. Grand multiparae 52% having> 05 children. In 72% cases induced abortion was done during the first trimester and 80% of women had previous H/O abortion. Most cases of induced illegal abortion 84% were done by unskilled, semiskilled staff and instrumentation was the commonest method used. The most common symptoms were vaginal bleeding 40%, lower abdominal pain 68%, features of septicemia 64, fever 70% and common signs on admission were tachycardia [76%], abdominal tenderness 72% and vaginal examination showed OS open [64%] and adnexa tenderness [80%]. The complications countered were hemorrhage 36%, sepsis 28% and trauma to viscera 24% during the study period. Maternal mortality and morbidity attributed with induced abortion can be prevented/reduced by well integrated health care and family planning sources. Alleviation of illiteracy along with easy and free availability of reliable contraceptives and strict legislation to deal with person involved in inducing illegal abortion can improve the preventing situation

study to determine risk factors for abruptio placentae in pregnant women attending B.V. hospital Bahawalpur

To identify the risk factors responsible for abruptio placentae and to suggest measures for its prevention. Case Control Analytical [observational] study. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit-I, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. Fifty cases of abruptio placentae were selected from emergency department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur on the basis of history, clinical examination and ultrasonography. Five risk factors [age, parity, hypertension, previous history of abruption and pre mature rupture of membranes] were included in this study. Fifty controls for each risk factor were selected after matching. The condition was more prevalent among women of older age [70%], grand multipara [62%], hypertensives [52%], prior abruption [24%] and patients with pre mature rupture of membranes [06%]. It was concluded that the complications due to these risk factors are preventable if they are identified in time in order to modify behaviors pre-conceptionally or during delivery

Risk factors for preterm labour

To identify most common risk factors related with preterm labour existing in the study area and to recommend some suggestions for preventive measures in high risk patients. It was a case control [analytical-observational] study. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit-I, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. From 16[th] April 2005 to 16t October 2005. Fifty eligible consecutive cases and 250 matched controls were selected by purposive sampling technique. Results revealed that preterm labour was more prevalent in patients with previous history of preterm labour or second trimester miscarriages with odds ratio 4.3. Preterm labour was associated with bacterial vagenosis and cervical incompetence with odds ratio 18.6 and 3.4 respectively. Twin pregnancies and anaemia were also significant factors for preterm labour with odds ratio 4.7 and 2.6 respectively. Previous preterm labour, second trimester miscarriages, bacterial vagenosis, twin pregnancies and anaemia proved to be risk factors for preterm labour

Placenta previa; a study to determine responsible factors

To determine the factors suspected to be associated with placenta praevia. It was a case control analytical study. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit-I, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. This study was conducted from 13th August 2004 to 12th February 2005. 50 cases of placenta praevia was selected on the basis of ultrasonography from out patients, emergency and indoor patients. 250 controls were taken [50 for each variable i.e. age, parity, previous history of caesarean section, smoking and previous history of placenta previa] and were divided into 5 groups after matching. The study revealed that placenta praevia was more prevalent in elderly patients [72%], grand multiparas [68%] in patient with history of previous caesarean deliveries [52%] and in patients who smoked [30%] but this study did not identify previous history of placenta praevia [44%] as a risk factor for subsequent pregnancies. It was concluded that maternal and fetal mortality can be reduced by identifying high risk patients [in whom any of above mentioned risk factors were present] and educating them for care about next pregnancy

Factors associated with breech delivery at term

To assess the various factors associated with breech delivery at term. Case control study. Apr 2004 to Sep 2004 Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology unit-I, Bahawal Victoria Hospital Bahawalpur. This case control study was carried out in women with the age group 2040 years. Various risk factors [Parity, multiple pregnancy, placenta Previa, amount of liquor and congenital abnormalities] associated with breech [50 cases] at term [37-42 completed weeks] were compared with vertex [50 controls] after matching. Different factors associated with breech were oligohydramnios 44% vs control group, placenta previa 34% vs control group, primiparity 46% vs control group, multiple pregnancy 14% vs control group and congenital abnormalities 18% vs control group. Our study concluded that factors associated with breech delivery were oligohydramnios, placenta previa, multiparty, multiple pregnancy and congenital abnormalities

study to determine the risks associated with grand multiparity

The aim of the study was to determine various risk factors associated with grand mutiparity. Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Unit-I, Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. It was a case control [analytical] study. It included all pregnant women having more than five children attending antenatal clinic at Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur. This study was conducted on hundred subjects. A total five hundred controls were selected after matching. Purposive partum haemorrhage, pregnancy induced hypertension and mal presentation. Data was collected through predesigned pro-forma. Analysis revealed that 82% of the cases were anaemic as compared to controls where anemia was prevalent in 25% of the subjects. Post-partum haemorrhage, anti-partum haemorrhage, pregnancy induced hypertension and malpresentation were observed 15% vs 4%, 12% vs 3%, 14% vs 4%, 10% vs 2% in cases and controls. Grand multipara are the women with high rate of complications

Aetiology of transverse lie at term

The purpose of this study was to assess the common and rare causes and predisposing factors of transverse lie at term. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Period: February 1995 to April, 1996. Material and Total 5783 pregnancies were studied. Thirty cases of transverse lie were detected. Inclusion criteria for study were singleton pregnancy with maternal age between. 15 to 40 years. In 66.6% cases no cause for transverse lie was found. In primiparas predisposing factors were found in 75% cases. In multiparous women predisposing factors were found in 26.9% cases; while in grand multiparas [Para> 5] these were found much less commonly i.e. in only 10% cases. Etiology of transverse lie in the majority of cases is unknown. Grand multiparity is an avoidable predisposing factor