Anatomy of left atrioventricular valve (mitral valve) leaflets in adult Indian cadavers / Anatomía de los velos valvulares en la valva atrioventricular izquierda (válvula mitral) en cadáveres indios adultos

The atrioventricular valve is the most commonly repaired valve of the heart. Interventional procedures like annuloplasties, valvotomy/valvuloplasty, repair/replacement of the valve for regurgitation or prolapse are increasing by the day. This necessitates a clear understanding of the mitral valve anatomy. The present study is an attempt to revisit the anatomy of mitral valve. The present study was conducted on 34 adult embalmed heart specimens. Based on the newly defined criteria, observations were made on: 1) Number of commissures and their positions, 2) Number and position of leaflets, 3) Number and position of minor commissures, 4) Annular circumference (AC), 5) Length of annular attachment of each leaflet (LAA), 6) Maximum width of coapted/ folded margin (FM) of the anterior and posterior leaflet, 7) The surface area of each leaflet (SA). The observations were analyzed statistically. The findings of the present study and the subsequent statistical analysis offer a dynamic concept of the anatomy of mitral valve leaflets. It suggests that the valvular anatomy depends upon a complex interplay of various valve components. The extra leaflets tend to occur when annular circumference increases and is not appropriately compensated by various valvular elements. The different methodology adopted in the present study and the interpretations deduced hereupon, shall dispel the existing ambiguities in the description of the leaflets and improve our understanding of the structure and function of the mitral valve complex.

La valva atrioventricular es la valva más comúnmente reparada del corazón. Los procedimientos intervencionistas como anuloplastías, valvotomía/valvoplastía, reparación/reemplazo de la valva por la regurgitación o prolapso están aumentando día a día. Para ello, se requiere una clara comprensión de la anatomía de la valva atrioventricular. El presente estudio intenta volver a examinar la anatomía de la valva atrioventricular. Se estudiaron 34 corazones de adultos embalsamados. Sobre la base de los criterios definidos, se realizaron las siguientes observaciones: 1) número de comisuras y sus posiciones, 2) número y localización de los velos, 3) número y localización de las comisuras menores, 4) circunferencia anular (AC), 5) longitud de la unión anular de cada valva (LAA), 6) ancho máximo del margen de coaptación/margen velar (FM) de los velos anterior y posterior y 7) área de superficie de cada valva (SA). Las observaciones fueron analizadas estadísticamente. Los resultados del presente estudio y el análisis estadístico ofrecen un concepto dinámico de la anatomía de la valva atrioventricular. Se sugiere que la anatomía de las valvas depende de una interacción compleja de varios de sus componentes. Los velos adicionales tienden a aparecer cuando aumenta la circunferencia anulares y no se compensa adecuadamente por diversos elementos valvares. La diferente metodología adoptada en el presente estudio sus interpretaciones, podrían disipar ambigüedades existentes en la descripción de las valvas y mejorar nuestra comprensión de la estructura y función del complejo de la valva atrioventricular.

Bony and Cadaveric Study of Retromolar Region.

Retromolar area in the mandible has considerable surgical importance for dental surgeons. The anatomy of this area has not received much attention in standard texts of Anatomy. A variant foramen called retromolar foramen has been described in the literature. This foramen transmits a neurovascular bundle. Presence of this neurovascular bundle poses a risk in the surgical procedures carried out for impacted lower third molar tooth extraction. The dental surgeon should also be aware of occasional presence of this neurovascular bundle in retromolar area while infiltrating local anesthetic agents. The present study was conducted on 71 dry mandibles and 10 cadaveric specimens. In dry mandibles, the boundaries and dimensions of retromolar trigone were studied. Prevalence of retromolar foramen was recorded. The distance of retromolar foramen, if present was recorded from posterior border of socket for third molar and second molar teeth respectively. In cadavers, retromolar areas were dissected and structures related were observed.

Normal and variant anatomy of renal hilar structures and its clinical significance / Anatomía normal y variante de las estructuras hiliares renales y su significancia clínica

Advanced imaging techniques have resulted in increasing use of minimally invasive approaches for nephron sparing surgeries of kidney. Need for precise knowledge of normal and variant anatomy of vascular pedicle of kidney is thus justified. Ample literature is available on the variations in the intrarenal vascular pattern of the kidney, which are seen frequently. But the variation in arrangement of structures at the renal hilum has not gained much interest up till now. One hundred (51 right and 49 left) embalmed kidneys were utilized for the present study. Careful dissection of renal hilar structures was carried out to observe antero-posterior relationship of structures at the hilum of the kidney. In majority (73 percent), the arrangement was not according to the normal textbook description i.e. renal vein, renal artery and pelvis arranged antero-posteriorly. In 31 percent anterior division of renal artery was seen in front of renal vein at the hilum, whereas, in 50 percent cases the pelvis was not the posterior most relation. The variable patterns observed were classified into five types. In cases of renal hilar tumors laparoscopic partial nephrectomy is being done with a limited field of vision. Knowledge of these variations is useful for operating surgeons to identify and individually clamp the hilar structures, which is advantageous over en-bloc clamping.

Las técnicas avanzadas de imagen han permitido aumentar el uso de abordajes mínimamente invasivos para la cirugía conservadora del nefrón. Por esto, se justifica la necesidad de un conocimiento preciso de la anatomía normal y las variaciones anatómicas del pedículo vascular del riñón. Es amplia la literatura disponible sobre variaciones en el patrón vascular intrarrenal, lo que se observa con frecuencia. Sin embargo, hasta ahora, la variación en la disposición de las estructuras en el hilio renal no ha generado mucho interés. Se utilizaron 100 riñones fijados (51 derechos y 49 izquierdos) para el estudio. Una cuidadosa disección de las estructuras hiliares renales se llevó a cabo para observar la relación antero-posterior de las estructuras en el hilio del riñón. En la mayoría de los casos (73 por ciento), las características no estaba de acuerdo con la descripción normal de la vena renal, es decir, con la arteria renal y la pelvis renal dispuestos en sentido anteroposterior. Los patrones de las variables observadas fueron clasificadas en cinco tipos. En el 31 por ciento de los casos la división anterior de la arteria renal estaba anterior a la vena renal en el hilio, mientras que, en el 50 por ciento de los casos, la pelvis no estaba posterior. En los casos de tumores renales hiliares la nefrectomía parcial laparoscópica se realiza con un limitado campo de visión. El conocimiento de estas variaciones es útil para un adecuado desempeño de los cirujanos al identificar y separar individualmente las estructuras hiliares, que es una ventaja sobre la separación en bloque.

A new continuous cell line from larval hemocytes of Spodoptera litura (F.).

A new cell line has been established from larval hemocytes of the moth, S. litura (tobacco cut worm). It took 147 days to form a monolayer and one year for the first 17 passages. At present, the culture is at 86th passage level and is designated NIV-SU-1095. Three cell types could be distinguished, viz. plasmatocytes (53%), prohemocytes (36%) and granular hemocytes (11%). The chromosome number was very high, 74% metaphase cells showed more than 100 chromosomes. The cells could be cryopreserved. The cells were susceptible to the baculoviruses, Autographa californica nuclear polyhedrosis virus and S. litura nuclear polyhedrosis virus (SLNPV). Plaques could be observed on 7th post infection day with SLNPV. Six cloned cell lines have been developed of which clone II-1F was more sensitive to both the baculoviruses compared to the original cell line.