Association of dental anomalies with different malocclusions in patients visiting Liaquat college of medicine and dentistry

The purpose of present study was to determine association of dental anomalies observed in various dental malocclusion patients visiting for Orthodontic treatment. Total of 600 patients [169 male, 431 female] having mean age 17.25+/-5.55 years were evaluated. This study showed that 61.2% of patients [n = 600] presented with at least one dental anomaly. Ectopic eruption was the most commonly found [46.8%], followed by Agenesis [missing tooth or teeth] 9.0%, canine impaction 4.0% and supernumerary teeth 1.3%. The frequency of theses dental anomalies were found higher in female than in males. Ectopic eruption [56% within malocclusions] was more frequent in patients with Class II div 1 malocclusion. No supernumerary tooth was found in Class II division 2 malocclusion rather more prevalent in class III malocclusion [2.5%]. Impaction was associated with Class II div 2 malocclusion [11.1%], at a higher prevalence than other types of malocclusions. Agenesis was associated with Class II div 2 malocclusion and class III malocclusion [14.8]. The correlations between dental anomalies and different types of malocclusion were found statistically significant. Within limitation of this study, Dental anomalies recorded frequently higher in females than male subjects, the reason may be the female patients being more esthetically conscious, visiting orthodontic treatment in Pakistan

Plaque index in multi-bracket fixed appliances

To compare the plaque index in patients receiving multi-bracket fixed orthodontic treatment for various factors like age, gender, socio-economic status, brushing practices, meal habits, types of brackets, types of ligations, use of mouthwash and duration of treatment. Cross-sectional analytical study. Orthodontics Clinic, The Aga Khan University Hospital, from September to November 2011. Socio-demographic and clinical modalities were defined and recorded for 131 patients having multi-bracket fixed appliances. The plaque index of subjects were recorded according to the Silness and Loe plaque index method. Independent sample t-test was used to see difference in plaque index in factors having two variables. One way ANOVA and Post-Hoc Tukey tests were used to see difference in plaque index in factors having three variables. Kappa statistics was used to assess inter examiner reliability. P-value of

Perception - A comparison of professional assessments- A pilot study

Beauty and aesthetics are subjective phenomenon. In orthodontics, beauty is collaborated with function and a compromised function is known to lead towards detrimental effects in the long term. The measurement of aesthetics in orthodontics is through the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need [IOTN]. This is a universal scale which is easy to use for all professionals dealing with child care. A cross-sectional validation study was conducted in the dental clinics of Karachi at Aga Khan University Hospital, Jinnah Medical and Dental College and Fatima Jinnah Dental College on a sample size of 17 professionals from July to August 2012. Each subject was shown a set of 32 pictures which they scored against the aesthetic component of the IOTN. The principal investigator assessed the normative score from the study casts using the IOTN-DHC. Data collected was analyzed using Kruskal- Wallis, Bland- Altmann, Paired sample t- test and Kappa Cohen's. Intra examiner reliability was assessed using Spearman's correlation. The sample size consisted of 24% males [mean age 28.25 +/- 2.06 years], and 76% females [[mean age 31.92 +/- 9.19 years]. A statistically significant difference was obtained between orthodontists', pedodontists' and restorative dentists perception for a single image [p- value 0.005]. Similarly a difference in perception of the three groups with normative need [p- value- 0.002 [orthodontists], 0.03 [pedodontists], 0.05 [restorative dentists]]; was also obtained.o There is no significant difference in perception between orthodontists, pedodontists and restorative dentists. Orthodontists, pedodontists and restorative dentists overestimate the patients' pretreatment condition as compared to normative treatment need

Comparison of nasal profiles in various skeletal patterns

The aim of this study was to determine any significant difference in nasal profiles amongst subjects in sagittal and vertical skeletal patterns in a sample Pakistani population, and to determine gender dimorphism if any. The sample was divided into three sagittal and groups, namely skeletal Class I, II, and III, and three vertical groups, namely, normo-divergent, hypo-divergent and hyper-divergent vertical skeletal patterns. On way ANOVA was used to find any difference in nasal profiles amongst vertical and sagittal skeletal patterns, and to assess gender dimorphism, respectively. Statistically significant differences were found between Skeletal Class I, II and III for naso-labial angle, naso-mental angle and soft tissue facial convexity. Furthermore, statistically significant differences were also obtained between males and females for nasal length, nasal depth, columella convexity and nasal bone length. Statistically significant differences were observed for nasal depth 2 and naso-labial angle in the vertical groups. Skeletal Class I, II, and III subjects have different nasal profiles. Nasal profiles are significantly different for males and females; hence it should be taken into consideration while planning ideal treatment for patients. Different vertical patterns are also associated with different nasal forms. It is recommended that further research be done to establish norms in our population for nasal profile

Microaesthetics of the smile: extraction vs. non-extraction

To compare microaesthetics in pre- and post-orthodontic cases, treated with non-extraction and extraction treatment and assessed whether the achieved microaesthetic parameters are comparable to the proposed norms. Quasi-experimental study. Orthodontic Clinic, the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from January 2005 to December 2009. Orthodontic records of 31 cases treated with non-extraction therapy and 26 cases treated with extraction of upper first premolars were selected. Patients were of Pakistani origin, aged between 12 to 30 years. Microaesthetics was assessed by measuring maxillary central incisor crown width-height ratio, connectors between the maxillary anterior sextant, gingival zenith level of the maxillary lateral incisor and golden percentage of the anterior teeth using the patients' plaster models and intraoral frontal photographs. Measurements of the golden percentage were made using the software Adobe Photoshop, whereas all other parameters were measured on the plaster casts using a digital vernier caliper. Paired t-test, independent t-test and one sample t-test were used to make comparisons within the groups, between the groups, and to compare the posttreatment values with the proposed norms, respectively. Statistical significance level was set at p

Correlation of pain perception and motivation to seek orthodontic treatment

The objective of this study was to explore the impact of motivation to seek orthodontic treatment on perception of pain during treatment. It was a cross-sectional study involving 75 patients attending the orthodontic clinic from September to October, 2010. Patients of Pakistani origin, aged 16 years and older and patients receiving fixed orthodontic treatment were included. The data collection instrument was a perception questionnaire consisting of 8 questions covering 2 domains; pain experiences and motivation to seek orthodontic treatment. Pain during different orthodontic procedures was scored using a qualitative pain intensity scale. Motivation to seek orthodontic treatment was assessed by questions concerning how important the patients thought it was to have straight teeth and their willingness to bear pain in order to have an attractive smile. A pain and motivation score was calculated by summing the above assessments. No statistically significant results were observed for gender dimorphism for pain and motivation. A very weak negative correlation was found between pain and motivation. No gender dimorphism for pain and motivation exists Higher motivation to seek orthodontic treatment does not affect perception of pain

Comparison of tooth and arch dimensions in dental crowding and spacing

Any disproportion between tooth and arch dimensions predisposes to dental crowding and spacing, which are the most common forms of malocclusion. Hence, the objective of this study is to compare these elements between normal, crowded and spaced dental arches. A sample of 90 dental casts was collected and space analysis was performed by subtracting the sum of mesio-distal [MD] dimensions of all teeth [except the permanent molars] from the arch length. On the basis of this space analysis, the sample was divided into three groups, namely normal, crowded and spaced arches. ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc were performed for the comparison between the groups. A level of significance [p

Dentoalveolar heights in skeletal class I normodivergent facial patterns

To determine the dentoalveolar heights [mm] in skeletal class I normodivergent facial pattern and compare the same heights in male and female subjects. Cross-sectional observational study. Orthodontics Clinic, The Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from July to October 2009. Eighty one subjects were selected from the orthodontic record at the Aga Khan University Hospital Karachi.The inclusion criteria were an age range of 12 to 30 years and skeletal class I normodivergent facial pattern with exclusion criteria of prior orthodontic treatment, restored teeth and craniofacial anomalies/syndromes. The pre-treatment cephalographs of the patients were traced manually on acetate paper by the principal investigator. The various land marks were marked and the parameters were recorded. Mean and standard deviations were determined. Independent sample t-test was used to find gender dimorphism. The mean age of the sample was 15.8 +/- 3.4 years. Mean ANB angle for the entire sample was 2.6° +/- 1.2° and for angle SN-MP was 31.5° +/- 2.5°. Descriptive analysis presented mean value of upper anterior, upper posterior, lower anterior and lower posterior dentoalveolar heights to be 28.5 +/- 2.7 mm, 22.9 +/- 2.6 mm, 41.3 +/- 2.9 mm and 31.5 +/- 3.2 mm respectively. Male subjects had significantly greater mean values for lower anterior and posterior dentoalveolar heights [p=0.02 and 0.05 respectively]. The mean dentoalveolar heights for the skeletal class I normodivergent sample were established. No gender dimorphism was found for upper dentoalveolar heights however, lower anterior and lower posterior were significantly greater in males as compared to females. All the values of dentoalveolar heights for male subjects were greater than female subjects

Change in the position of hyoid bone with functional appliance treatment

The aim of this study was to delefmile change in the position of hyoid bone with functional appliance treatment. The present study was carried out using pre-functional and post-functional cephalographs of patients attending the Orthodontic Clinics at the Aga Khan University Hospital, Karachi, from 2003 to 2007. This study was conducted on 30 Pakistani subjects [12 males and 18 females] aged between 9 to 14 years, treated with removable or fixed functional appliances. Cephalometric points, linear and angular measurements assessing position of hyoid bone on pre-and-post functional cephalographs were recorded. Paired sample t-test was used to depict the change in the position of hyoid bone following functional appliance treatment. Linear and angular cephalometric measurements depicting the position of hyoid bone after functional appliance treatment were statistically insignificant. There was no statistically significant change observed in the position of hyoid bone with functional appliance treatment