RESUMO
Objective: To determine the etiology and clinical profile of patients with abnormal uterine bleeding
Study Design: Observational / descriptive study
Place and Duration of Study: This study was conducted at the Shahina Jamil Teaching Hospital, Abbottabad from September 2014 to February 2016
Materials and Methods: Patients who were not pregnant, among the age of 20-60 years and had history of abnormal menstruation were included. Exclusion criteria included patients who were pregnant, less than 20 years or greater than 60 years, or suffering from cancer. Epidemiological data was noted and detailed history was taken especially about menses, vaginal discharge, use of drugs, hormonal treatment including oral contraceptive pills and any method of contraception used. Physical, ultrasonographic examination and histopathological examination of endometrium was performed in all patients
Results: There were 200 patients enrolled in this study. Their mean age was 38 +/- 5 years. Majority of them were between the age of 31-40 years, [82 patients] and 41-50 years, [66 patients].About 150 patients had menstrual irregularities. Eighty of these patients had menorrhagia while seventy had polymenorrhagia. Fifty patients had history of vaginal bleeding. Contraceptive measures were used by 38 patients. Out of which, OCPs were the preferred mode of contraception used. Twenty two patients had infertility with 16 had primary while 6 had secondary infertility. Sixty two patients had abnormal ultrasound examination. The chief ultrasonographic abnormality was that of uterine fibroid, ovarian cyst and ovarian cancer. On endometrial examination, 168 patients had normal physiological changes. The predominant change in this group was that of proliferative and secretory changes. Twenty patients had abnormal physiological endometrial changes. The chief abnormalities found were that of Pill endometrium, [12 patients] and irregular shedding, [4 patients]. Preneoplastic and inflammatory changes were observed in six patients in each group
Conclusion: AUB is one of the commonest gynecological disorders. The underlying cause can be determined by meticulous work-up in these patients which can help in deciding optimal treatment option for AUB patients. This, in turn, will not only improve health and well-being of these patients but as well as improve their quality of life. Endometrial sampling plays an important role in the diagnostic work-up of AUB. Therefore, it should be offered to all such patients as part of their evaluation
RESUMO
To assess the knowledge, attitude and practice of polio among people in Khyber Pakhtun Khwa and to recommand measures in order to improve the awareness of disease. Descriptive cross sectional study. This study was conducted at CMH nowshera, CMH mardan and Kohat General Hospital from March to June 2013. Persons presenting for consultation to tertiary care hospitals at medical reception rooms were approached by convenience sampling. Structured questionnaire was developed and data was collected by interviews. The findings of the study revealed that out of 296 persons participated in study 57.4% were males while 42.2% were females. They were residents of Mardan, Nowshera, Kohat and Swabi districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Persons who believed that vaccine is prohibited in religion were 13.9%, 81.1% persons knew about polio disease and 84.5% persons believed that disease could be prevented by giving vaccines to children. Persons who gave vaccine to their children were 88.9% and 66.9% also knew the schedule of the vaccine. Pressure groups which included tribal elders' stopped 19.3%people from giving vaccine to their children and for 11.1% persons the facility of giving vaccine was not available. Persons who believed that Polio can cause infertility were 11.5% and 20.9% believed that Polio Vaccine cannot prevent Polio disease. Persons who have seen patient of polio were 38.9% and 88.5% persons wanted to eradicate disease from Pakistan. The results of the study revealed that people have adequate knowledge about polio and wanted to eradicate it from pakistan by participating in vaccination activities but still there are few people who believe that polio vaccine cannot prevent disease resulting in failure to administer vaccine for their children