Impact of Short Message Service (SMS) Education Based on a Health Promotion Model on the Physical Activity of Patients with Type II Diabetes

Introduction: Physical activity is the most important self-management behaviour indiabetes. The aim of this study was to evaluate the impact of a short message service (SMS) basedon a health promotion model (HPM) on the physical activity of diabetic patients.Methods: This quasi-experimental study consisted of 37 type II diabetes patients in an SMSgroup and 36 type II diabetes patients in a control group. The patients in both groups completedwritten consent forms and questionnaires at the beginning of the study. The patients in the SMSgroup received training messages within two weeks (two or three messages daily) in the field ofphysical activity based on HPM constructs. Both groups completed questionnaires in three stages(at the beginning of the study, four weeks after the first visit, and three months later) comprisingdemographic factors, questions regarding the constructs, and 7-day physical activity recall. Afterdata collection, statistical analysis was conducted using an independent t-test, a Chi-square test,and a repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).Results: As compared with the control group, changes in mean scores of perceivedself-efficacy (P = 0.001) and family support (P = 0.046) of physical activity in the training groupwere significantly greater and perceived barriers (P < 0.001) were significantly lower over time.The physical activity performance of the SMS group was better three months after training ascompared with that of the control group (P < 0.001).Conclusion: The results demonstrated the efficacy of training messages in changing thebeliefs and physical activity behaviours of diabetic patients.

The diabetes management self-efficacy scale: Translation and psychometric evaluation of the Iranian version

Perceived self-efficacy could lead to self-management behaviors among diabetic patients and the Diabetes Management Self-efficacy Scale [DMSES] assesses the extent to which diabetic patients are confident that they can manage diabetes. However, the Iranian version of DMSES was not available. The objective of this study was the translation and psychometric evaluation of the Iranian version of the DMSES . Using a standard forward-backward translation procedure, the original English language version of the questionnaire was translated into Persian [Iranian language]. Then, a convenient sample of diabetic patients, who referred to a diabetes outpatient clinic and were aged 15 to 81 years, completed the questionnaire. Validity was evaluated by content validity ratio and then using factor analysis. To test the reliability, internal consistency was assessed by Cronbach's alpha. In total, 332 diabetic patients entered into the study. The mean age of respondents was 1.8 +/- 12.3 years. Employing the recommended method of scoring [ranging from 1 to 5], the mean DMSES score was 2.24 +/- 0.54. Reliability analysis showed satisfactory results [Cronbach's alpha = 0.92]. Exploratory factor analysis showed 20 items of the scale could converge to 5 factors with rotation. Confirmatory factor analysis supported modified model of DMSES through which one item [item 20] moved from blood glucose factor to medical control factor. Criterion-related validity showed that the DMSES was a significant predictor of the diabetes self-management [R = 0.61; P < 0.001]. The study findings showed that the Iranian version of the DMSES has a good structural characteristic and is a valid and reliable instrument that can be used for measuring diabetes management self-efficacy

[Predicting factors of breast self-examination based on health belief model and locus of control among women aged 20-50 years]

Although breast self-examination [BSE] is no longer recommended for screening of breast cancer, its training and practicing is a gateway to health promotion and provides women with knowledge and attitudes that set the stage for clinical breast examination and mammography screening later in life. The aim of this study was to recognize predicting factors of the BSE based on the Health Belief Model [HBM] and the locus of control model among women aged 20-50 years old. Inthis cross-sectional study, 400 women were selected through theconvenience sampling method from health centers. Data were collected using four questionnaires including the Champion's Scale, health locus of control, and demographic and functional questionnaires. Data were analyzed in the SPSS using independent T-test, Chi-squared test, logistic and linear regression models. The results showed that 10.9% of the participants reported performing BSE regularly. Perceived self-efficacy was the strongest positive predictor in the BSE performance [Exp [B] =1.863]. Awareness had direct and indirect effects on the BSE. The locus of control did not predict the BSE [p=0.05]. Improving self-efficacy, especially in young women, and increasing awareness about cancer among women is necessary to increase the rate of the BSE

[Factors influencing tooth brushing behaviour based on health belief model among bushehr primary school 5[th] and 6th grade students]

Oral health is one of the most important components of personal health. Understanding current status of oral health is necessary to provide future oral health interventions. The aim of this study was to determine factors influencing tooth brushing behavior based on the health belief model [HBM] among 5- and 6-grader students. In this cross-sectional study, 370 primary school students were selected using the stratified cluster sampling method. Data were collected using a questionnaires based on the HBM. The obtained data were analyzed in the SPSS-20. The results showed that 95.7% of the students brushed their teeth once or more daily. Mean and standard deviation of the brushing frequency in one week was 8.66 +/- 3.54. There was a significant correlation between the perceived barriers [P=0.00, r=-0.14] and self-efficacy [P=0.04, r=0.10] with the brushing behavior. According to the results, educating students and decreasing different barriers seems to be necessary to improve brushing behavior