Effect of chronic lead intoxication on the distribution and elimination of amoxicillin in goats

A study of amoxicillin pharmacokinetics was conducted in healthy goats and goats with chronic lead intoxication. The intoxicated goats had increased serum concentrations of liver enzymes (alanine aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyl transferase), blood urea nitrogen, and reactivated delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase compared to the controls. Following intravenous amoxicillin (10 mg/kg bw) in control and lead-intoxicated goats, elimination half-lives were 4.14 and 1.26 h, respectively. The volumes of distribution based on the terminal phase were 1.19 and 0.38 L/kg, respectively, and those at steady-state were 0.54 and 0.18 L/kg, respectively. After intramuscular (IM) amoxicillin (10 mg/kg bw) in lead-intoxicated goats and control animals, the absorption, distribution, and elimination of the drug were more rapid in lead-intoxicated goats than the controls. Peak serum concentrations of 21.89 and 12.19 microg/mL were achieved at 1 h and 2 h, respectively, in lead-intoxicated and control goats. Amoxicillin bioavailability in the lead-intoxicated goats decreased 20% compared to the controls. After amoxicillin, more of the drug was excreted in the urine from lead-intoxicated goats than the controls. Our results suggested that lead intoxication in goats increases the rate of amoxicillin absorption after IM administration and distribution and elimination. Thus, lead intoxication may impair the therapeutic effectiveness of amoxicillin.

Antimicrobial activity of some antiprotozoal drugs

In this investigation antibacterial and antifungal activities of graded increased concentrations of some antiprotozoal drugs were studied. The minimal inhibitory concentrations [MIC] of these drugs against sensitive bacterial strains were determined. Diminazene aceturate in concentrations of 5, 1, 5, 50, 10 and 1 mg/ml inhibited growth of Staph. aureus, C. pyogens, Esch coli. S. typhi, Psaeruginosa and P. multocida respectively. It also ihibited growth of C. albicans. A. niger, A. flavus, A. fumigatus, A. gepsum and T. mentagrophytes in concentrations of 5, 1, 1, 5, 50 mg/ml. Its minimal inhibitory concentration against these organisms ranges from 0.146 to 0.669 mg/ml. Quinapyramine in concentrations of 10, 10, 20, 100 and 10 mg/ml inhibited growth of Staph. aureus C. pyogens Esch. coli, S. typhimurium and Ps. aerugienosa. This drug in concentrations of 100, 100, 10, 100, and 100 mg/ml inhibited growth of C. albicans, A. niger, A flavus, A. fumigatus and T. mentagrophytes. The minimal inhibitory concentrations of quinapyramine against the previously mentioned sensitive bacterial strains ranged from 0.345 to 1.025 mg/ml. Quinuronium sulphate inhibited growth of C. pyogens only and had no effect on the growth of other bacterial strains. The drug in concentration of 50 mg/ml had inhibitory effect against C. albicans, A. niger and A. fumigatus. Naganol and ivermectin had no effect on the studied bacteria and fungi. In vivo study showed that daily dressing of pyogenically infected wounds with 10 and 20% of diminazens aceturate and quinapyramine led to their complete healing within 6 and 8 days of infection corresponding to 5 days for terramycin treated wounds